High‐mass resolution molecular imaging of organic compounds on the surface of Murchison meteorite
Minako Hashiguchi, Hiroshi Naraoka Meteorit Planet Sci. . doi:10.1111/maps.13211 LINK “High‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) imaging by desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) coupled with Orbitrap MS using methanol (MeOH) spray was performed on a fragment of the…
Molecular distribution, 13C‐isotope, and enantiomeric compositions of carbonaceous chondrite monocarboxylic acids
José C. Aponte, Hannah K. Woodward, Neyda M. Abreu, Jamie E. Elsila, Jason P. Dworkin Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 12 November 2018 LINK “The water‐soluble organic compounds in carbonaceous chondrite meteorites constitute a…
The initial structure of chondrule dust rims I: electrically neutral grains
C. Xiang, A. Carballido, R.D. Hanna, L.S. Matthews, T.W. Hyde Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 26 October 2018 LINK “Highlights • FGRs formed in strong turbulence are more compact and grow more rapidly….
Compound‐specific carbon isotope compositions of aldehydes and ketones in the Murchison meteorite
Danielle N. Simkus, José C. Aponte, Robert W. Hilts, Jamie E. Elsila, Christopher D. K. Herd Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 14 October 2018 LINK “Compound‐specific carbon isotope analysis (δ13C) of meteoritic organic compounds…
Spectral and chemical effects of simulated space weathering of the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondriteOPEN ACCESS
M.S. Thompson, M.J. Loeffler, R.V. Morris, L.P. Keller, R. Christoffersen Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 18 September 2018 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Highlights • Space weathering of a carbonaceous chondrite simulated…
The Amino Acid Distribution in Laboratory Analogs of Extraterrestrial Organic Matter: A Comparison to CM Chondrites
P. Modica, Z. Martins, C. Meinert, B. Zanda, and L. L. S. d’Hendecourt The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 865, Number 1 LINK “Laboratory experiments that simulate the photo- and thermo-chemistry of extraterrestrial ices always lead to…
Spectral and chemical effects of simulated space weathering of the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite
M.S. Thompson, M.J. Loeffler, R.V. Morris, L.P. Keller, R. Christoffersen Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 18 September 2018 LINK “Highlights • Space weathering of a carbonaceous chondrite simulated via pulsed laser irradiation •…
White Dwarf Collisions, a promising scenario to account for meteoritic anomaliesOPEN ACCESS
J. Isern, E. Bravo Accepted for publication in RNAAS 6 September, 2018 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “It is commonly accepted that collisions between white dwarfs (WD) are rare events that only occur in the dense interior…
Temperature constraints by Raman spectroscopy of organic matter in volatile-rich clasts and carbonaceous chondrites
Robbin Visser, Timm John, Martina Menneken, Markus Patzek, Addi Bischoff Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 1 September 2018 LINK “An important question regarding the formation of the solar system is…
Effect of polychromatic X‐ray microtomography imaging on the amino acid content of the Murchison CM chondrite
Jon M. Friedrich, Hannah L. McLain, Jason P. Dworkin, Daniel P. Glavin, W. Henry Towbin, Morgan Hill, Denton S. Ebel Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 23 August 2018 LINK “X‐ray microcomputed tomography (μCT) is…
Collisional and alteration history of the CM parent body
Lionel G. Vacher, Yves Marrocchi, Johan Villeneuve, Maximilien J. Verdier-Paoletti, Matthieu Gounelle Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 10 August 2018 LINK “Boriskino is a little studied CM2 chondrite composed of…
Insights into the origin of carbonaceous chondrite organics from their triple oxygen isotope composition
Romain Tartèse, Marc Chaussidon, Andrey Gurenko, Frédéric Delarue, and François Robert PNAS August 6, 2018. 201808101; published ahead of print August 6, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808101115 LINK Significance “Refractory organic matter found in volatile-rich asteroidal materials essentially…
Organic and mineralogic heterogeneity of the Paris meteorite followed by FTIR hyperspectral imaging
Z. Dionnet, A. Aleon‐Toppani, D. Baklouti, F. Borondics, F. Brisset, Z. Djouadi, C. Sandt, R. Brunetto LINK Meteorit Planet Sci. . doi:10.1111/maps.13178 “Significant compositional and structural heterogeneity at nm to mm scales is an important…
The soluble organic compounds of the Mukundpura meteorite: A new CM chondrite fall
Sandra Pizzarello, Christopher T. Yarnes Planetary and Space Science Available online 2 July 2018 LINK “Highlights • The first analyses of water-soluble organic content of the MK meteorite are presented and MK composition appears to…
Hydrothermal dynamics in a CM‐based model of Ceres
B. J. Travis, P. A. Bland, W. C. Feldman, M. V. Sykes Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 28 June 2018 doi:10.1111/maps.13138 LINK “A 2‐D numerical study of the evolution of Ceres from a “frozen…
Redox-influenced trace element compositional differences among variably aqueously altered CM chondrites
Jon M. Friedrich, Neyda M. Abreu, Stephen F. Wolf, Julianne M. Troiano, Gregory L. Stanek Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Available online 27 June 2018 LINK “It is generally agreed that the CM chondrites are remarkably…
Composition, petrology, and chondrule‐matrix complementarity of the recently discovered Jbilet Winselwan CM2 chondrite
Pia Friend, Dominik C. Hezel, Jean‐Alix Barrat, Jutta Zipfel, Herbert Palme, Knut Metzler Meteoritics & Planetary Science doi/10.1111/maps.13139 First published: 25 June 2018 LINK “Jbilet Winselwan (JW) is a recently found CM2 chondrite breccia containing…
Isotope record of mineralogical changes in a spectrum of aqueously altered CM chondrites
Elishevah M.M.E. van Kooten, Larissa L. Cavalcante, Kazuhide Nagashima, Takeshi Kasama, Zoltan I. Balogh, Zan Peeters, Silver Sung-Yun Hsiao, Hsien Shang, Der-Chuen Lee, Typhoon Lee, Alexander N. Krot, Martin Bizzarro Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Available…
Compositional variability on the surface of 1 Ceres revealed through GRaND measurements of high‐energy gamma raysOPEN ACCESS
Lawrence, D. J., Peplowski, P. N., Beck, A. W., Feldman, W. C., Prettyman, T. H., Russell, C. T., Toplis, M. J., Wilson, J. T., Ammannito, E. , Castillo‐Rogez, J. C., DeSanctis, M. C., Mest, S….
Xenolithic Fragment in the CM Chondrite Mukundpura: Greetings from the Tucson Parent Body?
Ebert S. *, Patzek M., Bischoff A. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6246] abstract “Achondritic fragment with distinct exsolution lamellae in the CM chondrite Mukundpura. Investigation is based on major and trace…
Nature and Occurence Frequency of Heating Processes in CM and C2- Ungrouped Chondrites as Revealed by Insoluble Organic Matter
Quirico E., Bonal L., Beck P., Alexander C. O’ M. D., Yabuta H., Nakamura T., Nakato A., Flandinet L., Montagnac G., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Herd C. D. K. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018…
The Mukundpura (CM2) Chondrite: A New Carbonaceous Meteorite Fall in India
Ray D., Shukla A. D. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6036] abstract “Mukundpura (CM2) is the new carbonaceous chondrite fall in India. Alteration escaped a few pristine forsteritic olivine chondrule (often with…
The Mukundpura CM2 Chondrite — Mineralogical and Magnetic Signature
Hoffmann V. H., Schmitt-Kopplin P., Wimmer K., Hochleitner R., Kaliwoda M. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6060] abstract “The main focus of our investigations on the new CM2 chondrite Mukundpura is on…
Aqueous Alteration Characteristics of Mukundpura (CM2) Chondrite
Panda D. K., Ray D., Shukla A. D. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6270] abstract “Hydrated minerals are commonly found in the carbonaceous chondrite due to high content of H2O (upto 10…
Mineralogy of Fine Grained Rims and Inter-Chondrules Matrix in the Paris CM Chondrite
Zanetta P.-M., Leroux H., Le Guillou C., Manda B. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6211] abstract “We studied the mineralogy of the fine grained rims of Paris with a new high resolution…
Post-Accretion History and Reflectance Spectroscopy Properties of the Mukundpura Meteorite
Potin S., Beck P., Bonal L., Schmitt B., Moynier F., Quirico E., Garenne A. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6072] abstract “We characterized the bulk mineralogy and alteration processes of the parent…
Preliminary Investigation of Cosmogenic Radionuclides in Mukundpura (CM2)
Shukla A. D., Ray D., Dutta A., Raychaudhuri D., Bhattacharya A. 81st Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2018 [#6112] abstract “Cosmogenic radioanuclides in the freshly fallen Mukundpura carbonaceous Chondrite (CM2) were studied to understand…
Hyperspectral FTIR imaging of irradiated carbonaceous meteorites
R. Brunetto, C. Lantz, Z. Dionnet, F. Borondics, A. Aléon-Toppani, D. Baklouti, M.A. Barucci, R.P. Binzel, Z. Djouadi, K. Kitazato, C. Pilorget Planetary and Space Science Available online 8 May 2018 LINK “Highlights • We…
Primary iron sulfides in CM and CR carbonaceous chondrites: Insights into nebular processes
Singerling, S. A. and Brearley, A. J. (2018) Meteorit Planet Sci. . doi:10.1111/maps.13108 LINK “We have carried out a systematic study involving SEM, EPMA, and TEM analyses to determine the textures and compositions of sulfides…
Fine‐grained volatile components ubiquitous in solar nebula: Corroboration from scoriaceous cosmic spherules
N. G. Rudraswami, D. Fernandes, A. K. Naik, M. Shyam Prasad, S. Taylor Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 25 March 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13068 LINK “The scoriaceous cosmic spherules (CSs) that make up to a few…
Fe isotope composition of bulk chondrules from Murchison (CM2): Constraints for parent body alteration, nebula processes and chondrule-matrix complementarity
Dominik C. Hezel, Johanna S. Wilden, Daniel Becker, Sonja Steinbach, Markus Harak Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 490, 15 May 2018, Pages 31-39 LINK “Highlights • We report the first Fe isotope data for…
Calcium and titanium isotopes in refractory inclusions from CM, CO, and CR chondrites
Levke Kööp, Andrew M. Davis, Alexander N. Krot, Kazuhide Nagashima, Steven B. Simon Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 489, 1 May 2018, Pages 179–190 Available online 9 March 2018 LINK “Highlights • Some CAIs…
Oxygen isotope systematics of chondrules in the Murchison CM2 chondrite and implications for the CO-CM relationship
Noël Chaumard, Céline Defouilloy, Noriko T. Kita Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta Available online 5 March 2018 LINK “High-precision oxygen three-isotope measurements of olivine and pyroxene were performed on 29 chondrules in the Murchison CM2 chondrite…
Development of an Advanced Electron Microscopy Methodology: Comparison of the Mineralogy of Fine-Grained Rims and Adjacent Matrix in the CM Paris Chondrite
Zanetta P-M., Leroux H., Le Guillou C., Zanda B. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 POSTER LOCATION #97 [#2232] PDF The mineralogy of the matrix and fine-grained rims are compared in the Paris chondrite…
A dual origin for water in carbonaceous asteroids revealed by CM chondritesOPEN ACCESS
Laurette Piani, Hisayoshi Yurimoto, Laurent Remusat Submitted manuscript for publication in Nature Astronomy – Version February, 2 2018 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Carbonaceous asteroids represent the principal source of water in the inner Solar System and…
Chemical, isotopic and amino acid composition of Mukundpura CM2.0 (CM1) chondrite: Evidence of parent body aqueous alterationOPEN ACCESS
N.G. Rudraswami, A.K. Naik, R.P. Tripathi, N. Bhandari, S.G. Karapurkar, M.Shyam Prasad, E.V.S.S.K. Babu, V. Sarathi Geoscience Frontiers, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 17 February 2018 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK “Highlights • Mukundpura has…
Characterization of the organic matter and hydration state of Antarctic micrometeorites: A reservoir distinct from carbonaceous chondrites
M. Battandier, L. Bonal, E. Quirico, P. Beck, C. Engrand, J. Duprat, E. Dartois Icarus Volume 306, 15 May 2018, Pages 74-93 LINK “Highlights • 35 Antarctic micrometeorites (AMMs) studied in Raman and IR spectroscopies….
Spectral reflectance “deconstruction” of the Murchison CM2 carbonaceous chondrite and implications for spectroscopic investigations of dark asteroids
Edward A. Cloutis, Valerie B. Pietrasz, Cain Kiddell, Matthew R.M. Izawa, Pierre Vernazza, Thomas H. Burbine, Francesca DeMeo, Kimberly T. Tait, James F. Bell III, Paul Mann, Daniel M. Applin, Vishnu Reddy Icarus, Volume 305,…
Extending the Mudball Model to Other Chondrite Groups
P. A. Bland, B. J. Travis 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2018), Abstract #2911 abstract
Ephemeral Nebular Components in the Mildly Aqueously Altered CM Carbonaceous Chondrite LEW 85311
M. R. Lee, B. E. Cohen, D. F. Mark, A. Boyce 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2018), Abstract #1287 abstract
Late formation of silicon carbide in type II supernovaeOPEN ACCESS
Nan Liu, Larry R. Nittler, Conel M. O’D. Alexander and Jianhua Wang Science Advances 17 Jan 2018: Vol. 4, no. 1, eaao1054 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao1054 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “We have found that individual…
Transition Elements in Supernova Presolar Grains: Condensation versus Implantation
Kuljeet K. Marhas and Piyush Sharda The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 853, Number 1 LINK “We compute the concentrations of five transition elements (Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Zn) via condensation and implantation in supernova presolar…
Characterization of Mukundpura Carbonaceous Chondrite
R. P. Tripathi, Ambesh Dixit, N. Bhandari Current Science Vol 114, No 01 (2018) Pages: 214-217 Published: 2018-01-10 https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv114%2Fi01%2F214-217 LINK “Two meteorite fragments collected from the Mukundpura impact site, Rajasthan, India have been analysed using…
A TEM study of exsolution in Ca-rich pyroxenes from the Paris and Renazzo chondrites: Determination of type I chondrule cooling rates
Cuvillier, P., Chaumard, N., Leroux, H., Zanda, B., Hewins, R. H., Jacob, D. and Devouard, B. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.13032 LINK “We conducted a transmission electron microscope study of the exsolution microstructures of…
Extraterrestrial formation of oldhamite and portlandite through thermal metamorphism of calcite in the Sutter’s Mill carbonaceous chondrite
Christopher W. Haberle; Laurence A.J. Garvie American Mineralogist (2017) 102 (12): 2415-2421. DOI:https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6180 Published: December 01, 2017 LINK “The CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites are typically dominated by phyllosilicates with variable proportions of tochilinite, anhydrous…
Ground-based Characterization of Hayabusa2 Mission Target Asteroid 162173 Ryugu: Constraining Mineralogical Composition in Preparation for Spacecraft OperationsOPEN ACCESS
Lucille Le Corre, Juan A. Sanchez, Vishnu Reddy, Driss Takir, Edward A. Cloutis, Audrey Thirouin, Kris J. Becker, Jian-Yang Li, Seiji Sugita, Eri Tatsumi PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Asteroids that are targets of spacecraft missions are…
Non-destructive elemental analysis of a carbonaceous chondrite with direct current Muon beam at MuSICOPEN ACCESS
K. Terada, A. Sato, K. Ninomiya, Y. Kawashima, K. Shimomura, G. Yoshida, Y. Kawai, T. Osawa & S. Tachibana Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 15478 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41598-017-15719-5 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Electron- or…
The Mukundpura meteorite, a new fall of CM chondrite
Dwijesh Ray, Anil D. Shukla Planetary and Space Science In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 10 November 2017 LINK “Highlights • Mukundpura is a new CM chondrite fall. • Petrological classification suggests Mukundpura is CM2…
The selenium isotopic variations in chondrites are mass-dependent; Implications for sulfide formation in the early solar system
J. Labidi, S. König, T. Kurzawa, A. Yierpan, R. Schoenberg Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 481, 1 January 2018, Pages 212–222 LINK “Highlights • Significant δ82/78Se variations are recorded in chondrites. • The Se…
Oxygen isotopic ratios of primordial water in carbonaceous chondrites
Wataru Fujiya Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 481, 1 January 2018, Pages 264–272 LINK “Highlights • The O isotopic ratio of the primordial water in CM chondrites is determined. • The water contents of…
Evidence for accretion of fine-grained rims in a turbulent nebula for CM Murchison
Romy D. Hanna, Richard A. Ketcham Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 481, 1 January 2018, Pages 201–211 LINK “Highlights • Fine-grained rims on CM chondrules were formed in a weakly turbulent nebula. • Chondrules…
Correlated silicon and titanium isotopic compositions of presolar sic grains from the Murchison CM2 chondrite
Frank Gyngard, Sachiko Amari, Ernst Zinner, Kuljeet Kaur Marhas Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 23 September 2017 LINK “We report correlated Si, and Ti isotopic compositions and elemental concentrations of…
Effects of Pressure on Model Compounds of Meteorite Organic Matter
Christian Potiszil, Wren Montgomery, and Mark A. Sephton ACS Earth and Space Chemistry Publication Date: August 28, 2017 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.7b00053 LINK “Extraterrestrial organic matter has been widely studied; however, its response to pressure has not….
Bonanza: An extremely large dust grain from a supernova
Frank Gyngard, Manavi Jadhav, Larry R. Nittler, Rhonda M. Stroud, Ernst Zinner Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 7 September 2017 LINK “We report the morphology, microstructure, and isotopic composition of…
An evaluation method of reflectance spectra to be obtained by Hayabusa2 Near-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRS3) based on laboratory measurements of carbonaceous chondritesOPEN ACCESS
Moe Matsuoka, Tomoki Nakamura, Takahito Osawa, Takahiro Iwata, Kohei Kitazato, Masanao Abe, Yusuke Nakauchi, Takehiko Arai, Mutsumi Komatsu, Takahiro Hiroi, Naoya Imae, Akira Yamaguchi, Hideyasu Kojima Earth, Planets and Space December 2017, 69:120 First Online:04…
Carbonaceous chondrites as analogs for the composition and alteration of Ceres.
McSween, H. Y., Emery, J. P., Rivkin, A. S., Toplis, M. J., C. Castillo-Rogez, J., Prettyman, T. H., De Sanctis, M. C., Pieters, C. M., Raymond, C. A. and Russell, C. T. Meteoritics & Planetary…
CM and CO chondrites: A common parent body or asteroidal neighbors? Insights from chondrule silicates
Devin L. Schrader, Jemma Davidson Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 July 2017 LINK “By investigating the petrology and chemical composition of type II (FeO-rich) chondrules in the Mighei-like carbonaceous…
Shock fabrics in fine-grained micrometeorites.OPEN ACCESS
Suttle, M. D., Genge, M. J. and Russell, S. S. Meteorit Planet Sci. doi:10.1111/maps.12927 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The orientations of dehydration cracks and fracture networks in fine-grained, unmelted micrometeorites were analyzed using…
Origin of Na in glass inclusions hosted in olivine from Allende CV3 and Jbilet Winselwan CM2: Implications for chondrule formation
L. Florentin, F. Faure, E. Deloule, L. Tissandier, A. Gurenko, D. Lequin Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 474, 15 September 2017, Pages 160–171 LINK “Highlights • Glass inclusions hosted in olivines from Allende experimentally…
Petrographic and C & O isotopic characteristics of the earliest stages of aqueous alteration of CM chondrites
Lionel G. Vacher, Yves Marrocchi, Johan Villeneuve, Maximilien J. Verdier-Paoletti, Matthieu Gounelle Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 12 July 2017 LINK “CM chondrites form the largest group of hydrated meteorites…
Cosmogenic He and Ne in chondrules from clastic matrix and a lithic clast of Murchison: No pre-irradiation by the early sun
My E.I. Riebe, Liliane Huber, Knut Metzler, Henner Busemann, Stefanie M. Luginbuehl, Matthias M.M. Meier, Colin Maden, Rainer Wieler Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 June 2017 LINK “Whether or…
Identification of PAH Isomeric Structure in Cosmic Dust Analogs: The AROMA Setup
Hassan Sabbah, Anthony Bonnamy, Dimitris Papanastasiou, Jose Cernicharo, Jose-Angel Martín-Gago, and Christine Joblin The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 843, Number 1 LINK “We developed a new analytical experimental setup called AROMA (Astrochemistry Research of Organics with…
Paris vs. Murchison: Impact of hydrothermal alteration on organic matter in CM chondrites
V. Vinogradoff, C. Le Guillou, S. Bernard, L. Binet, P. Cartigny, A.J. Brearley, L. Remusat Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 12 June 2017 LINK “Unravelling the origin of organic compounds…
Calcium and Titanium Isotope Systematics in Refractory Inclusions from CM, CO, and CR Chondrites
Kööp L. * Davis A. M. Krot A. N. Nagashima K. Simon S. B. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6280] abstract (PDF) “We studied a large number of CAIs from three different…
Correlations Among MicroStructure, Morphology, Chemistry, and Isotopic Systematics of Hibonite in CM Chondrites
Han J. * Liu M.-C. Kööp L. Keller L. P. Davis A. M. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6380] abstract (PDF) ” We present TEM observations of CM hibonites to examine possible…
Nanoscale Imaging Analysis of Organic-Mineral Association in the Murchison Meteorite by NanoIR
Kebukawa Y. * Kobayashi H. Baden N. Urayama N. Kobayashi K. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6093] abstract (PDF) “We demonstrate infrared imaging analysis of a carbonaceous chondrite with less than 100…
Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy of Deuterium-Rich Organic Matter in the CM Chondrite Queen Alexandra Range 97990
Haenecour P. * Zega T. J. Bose M. Howe J. Y. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6138] abstract (PDF) “We report electron energy-loss spectroscopy measurements of a D-rich hotspot identified in the…
A New Method for Modal Abundance, Chemistry and Density Determination of Fine Grained Matrices of Primitive Chondrites
Zanetta P-M. * Leroux H. Le Guillou C. Zanda B. Hewins R. H. Lewin E. Pont S. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6274] abstract (PDF) “Analyses of primitive chondrite matrices are not…
Olivine Extracted from the Jbilet Winselwan CM2 Chondrite — A Reference for the Regolith of C-Group Asteroids?
Harries D. * Wild P. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6198] abstract (PDF) “We have investigated olivine grains of an unbrecciated specimen of Jbilet Winselwan (CM2) for surface morphology and particle tracks….
Chondrule Olivine Provenance in Carbonaceous Chondrites: Chemical and Oxygen Isotope Systematics
Bonning G. P. Ireland T. R. Ávila J. N. Mallmann G. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6151] abstract (PDF) “Bulk chondrites have specific and distinct bulk O-isotopic compositions, yet they appear to…
Solar-Radiation Heating as a Possible Heat Source for Dehydration of Hydrous Carbonaceous Chondrites
Nakamura T. * Golabek G. Ohtsuka K. Matsuoka M. abstract (PDF) 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6233] “We have calculated time-dependent temperature profiles of near surface layers of primitive Near Sun Asteroid…
The Thermal History of CI and CM Chondrites and Their Relationship to Primitive Asteroid Surfaces
King A. J. * Maturilli A. Schofield P. F. Helbert J. Russell S. S. abstract (PDF) 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6220] “Heated CI and CM chondrites are likely to be excellcent…
Breccia Classification of CM Chondrites
Bischoff A., Ebert S., Metzler K., Lentfort S. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6089] abstract “CM chondrites are heavily brecciated rocks. We suggest to classify CM chondrites in the same way as…
Northwest Africa 11118: A Unique Accretionary Aggregate
Greshake A., Ziegler K., Mahlow K., Wirth R., Schmitt-Kopplin Ph. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6208] abstract “The CM-like carbonaceous chondrite Northwest Africa 11118 is an unique very loosely consolidated highly porous…
Insights into Parent Body Alteration from the Distribution of Water and Hydroxyl in Carbonaceous Chondrites
Hamilton V. E. * Abreu N. M. Connolly H. C. Jr. abstract (PDF) 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6263] “We are using µ-FTIR to characterize the spatial distribution of water and hydroxyl…
CM2 to CM1 Iron Sulfides, from Primary Nebular to Altered Asteroidal
Singerling S. A. * Corrigan C. M. Brearley A. J. abstract (PDF) 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6167] “This study synthesizes our observations of CM chondrite iron sulfides, from primary characteristics in…
The Effect of Aqueous Alteration on Primordial Noble Gases in CM Chondrites
Weimer D. * Busemann H. Alexander C. M. O’D. Maden C. abstract (PDF) 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6300] “We have analyzed 32 CM chondrites for their noble gas contents and isotopic…
Petrographic and Isotopic C and O Survey of the Earliest Stages of Aqueous Alteration of CM Chondrites
Vacher L. G. * Marrocchi Y. Villeneuve J. Verdier-Paoletti M. J. Gounelle M. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6031] abstract “CM Paris shows two populations of carbonates: T1a and a new T0….
Minerals as Markers of Fluid Alteration in Paris Chondrite
Pignatelli I. * Marrocchi Y. Mugnaioli E. Bourdelle F. Gounelle M. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6189] abstract “This nanoscale study deals with tochilinite/cronstedtite intergrowths formed by pseudomorphism of anhydrous minerals in…
Rare Earth Element abundances in presolar SiC
T.R. Ireland, J.N. Ávila, M. Lugaro, S. Cristallo, P. Holden, P. Lanc, L. Nittler, C.M.O’D. Alexander, F. Gyngard, S. Amari Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 May 2017 LINK “Individual…
New candidates for active asteroids: main-belt (145) Adeona, (704) Interamnia, (779) Nina, (1474) Beira, and near-Earth (162173) RyuguOPEN ACCESS
Vladimir V. Busarev, Andrei B. Makalkin, Faith Vilas, Sergey I. Barabanov, Marina P. Scherbina submitted to Icarus 2017 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “For the first time, spectral signs of subtle coma activity were observed for four…
A multielement isotopic study of refractory FUN and F CAIs: Mass-dependent and mass-independent isotope effects
Levke Kööp, Daisuke Nakashima, Philipp R. Heck, Noriko T. Kita, Travis J. Tenner, Alexander N. Krot, Kazuhide Nagashima, Changkun Park, Andrew M. Davis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 26 April…
A multi-technique search for the most primitive CO chondrites
C.M.O’D. Alexander, R.C. Greenwood, R. Bowden, J.M. Gibson, K.T. Howard, I.A. Franchi Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 24 April 2017 LINK “As part of a study to identify the most…
Mineralogical, crystallographic and redox features of the earliest stages of fluid alteration in CM chondrites
Isabella Pignatelli, Yves Marrocchi, Enrico Mugnaioli, Franck Bourdelle, Matthieu Gounelle Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 19 April 2017 LINK “The CM chondrites represent the largest group of hydrated meteorites and…
Primordial and cosmogenic noble gases in the Sutter’s Mill CM chondrite.
Okazaki, R. and Nagao, K. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12819 LINK “The Sutter’s Mill (SM) CM chondrite fell in California in 2012. The CM chondrite group is one of the most primitive, consisting of…
Type 1 aqueous alteration in CM carbonaceous chondrites: Implications for the evolution of water-rich asteroidsOPEN ACCESS
A.J. King, P.F. Schofield, S.S. Russell Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12872 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The CM carbonaceous chondrite meteorites experienced aqueous alteration in the early solar system. They range from mildly…
A new family of extraterrestrial amino acids in the Murchison meteoriteOPEN ACCESS
Toshiki Koga & Hiroshi Naraoka Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 636 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00693-9 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “The occurrence of extraterrestrial organic compounds is a key for understanding prebiotic organic synthesis in the universe. In particular,…
One-pot synthesis of amino acid precursors with insoluble organic matter in planetesimals with aqueous activityOPEN ACCESS
By Yoko Kebukawa, Queenie H. S. Chan, Shogo Tachibana, Kensei Kobayashi, Michael E. Zolensky Science Advances 17 Mar 2017: Vol. 3, no. 3, e1602093 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602093 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The exogenous delivery…
Spectra and physical properties of Taurid meteoroids
Pavol Matlovič, Juraj Tóth, Regina Rudawska, Leonard Kornoš Planetary and Space Science In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 13 February 2017 LINK “Highlights • The widest spectral classification of Taurid meteors to date is presented….
Fluid evolution in CM carbonaceous chondrites tracked through the oxygen isotopic compositions of carbonatesOPEN ACCESS
P. Lindgren, M.R. Lee, N.A. Starkey, I.A. Franchi Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 9 February 2017 dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.01.048 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “The oxygen isotopic compositions of calcite grains in four CM…
NanoSIMS Isotope Studies of Rare Types of Presolar Silicon Carbide Grains from the Murchison Meteorite: Implications for Supernova Models and the Role of 14C
Peter Hoppe, Marco Pignatari, János Kodolányi, Elmar Gröner, Sachiko Amari Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 9 February 2017 LINK “We have conducted a NanoSIMS ion imaging survey of about 1800…
Non Destructive IR Micro-Imaging of the Paris Meteorite
Z. Dionnet, A. Aléon-Toppani, F. Borondics, R. Brunetto, Z. Djouadi, D. Troadec 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1466 LINK
Unusual Carbonate-Sulfide Assemblages in Cold Bokkeveld CM Chondrite
S. Farsang, T. D. Raub, I. Buisman, G. I. Lampronti, M. M. Grady 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1587 LINK
Effect of Tube-Based X-Ray Microtomography Imaging on the Amino Acid and Amine Content of the Murchison CM2 Chondrite
D. P. Glavin, J. M. Friedrich, J. C. Aponte, J. P. Dworkin, D. S. Ebel, J. E. Elsila, M. Hill, H. L. McLain, W. H. Towbin 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1070…
Understanding the Origin and Distribution of Primary Phases in CM Chondrites: Weakly Altered CMs from LaPaz Fields, LAP 04514, LAP 04527, LAP 04565, and LAP 02333
N. M. Abreu, J. M. Friedrich, K. Crispin 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #2935 PDF
In Situ Analyses of Carbonate and Magnetite in CM1 Chondrites
M. Telus, C. M. O’D. Alexander, J. Wang, E. H. Hauri 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1725 LINK
The Fate of Primary Iron Sulfides in the Highly-Altered CM1(/2) Carbonaceous Chondrites
S. A. Singerling, C. M. Corrigan, A. J. Brearley 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #2027 LINK
An Overview of Type II Chondrules in the CM Chondrite Jbilet Winselwan
M. J. Cato, A. L. Fagan 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #2676 PDF
A Dual Origin for Water in the CM Carbonaceous Chondrites
L. Piani, H. Yurimoto, L. Remusat 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1203 PDF
Oxygen Isotope Systematics of Chondrules from the Paris CM2 Chondrite
N. Chaumard, C. Defouilloy, N. T. Kita, A. Hertwig 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1610 PDF
The radiation shielding potential of CI and CM chondrites
Leos Pohl, Daniel T. Britt Advances in Space Research In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 December 2016 LINK “Highlights • The feasibility of using asteroidal material as a shield against radiation is studied •…
Ion irradiation of carbonaceous chondrites: a new view of space weathering on primitive asteroids
C. Lantz, R. Brunetto, M.A. Barucci, S. Fornasier, D. Baklouti, J. Bourçois, M. Godard Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 16 December 2016 LINK “Highlights • New ion irradiations on several carbonaceous chondrites to…
Water in type I chondrules of Paris CM chondrite
A. Stephant, L. Remusat, F. Robert Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 25 November 2016 LINK “Hydrogen isotopic ratio and water concentration have been measured with the NanoSIMS in olivine, pyroxene…
Oxygen isotope constraints on the alteration temperatures of CM chondrites
Maximilien J. Verdier-Paoletti, Yves Marrocchi, Guillaume Avice, Mathieu Roskosz, Andrey Gurenko, Matthieu Gounelle Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 15 November 2016 LINK “Highlights • Carbonate O-isotope compositions of 9…
Mass independent sulfur isotope signatures in CMs: implications for sulfur chemistry in the early solar system
J. Labidi, J. Farquhar, C.M.O’D. Alexander, D.L. Eldridge, H. Oduro Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 1 October 2016 LINK “We have investigated the quadruple sulfur isotopic composition of inorganic sulfur-bearing…
Inward Radial Mixing of Interstellar Water Ices in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk
Lionel G. Vacher, Yves Marrocchi, Maximilien J. Verdier-Paoletti, Johan Villeneuve, and Matthieu Gounelle The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Volume 827, Number 1 Published 2016 August 2 LINK “The very wide diversity of asteroid compositions in the…
Material composition assessment and discovering sublimation activity on asteroids 145 Adeona, 704 Interamnia, 779 Nina, and 1474 Beira
V. V. Busarev , S. I. Barabanov, V. B. Puzin Solar System Research July 2016, Volume 50, Issue 4, pp 281-293 First online: 23 July 2016 LINK “Spectrophotometric observations of 145 Adeona, 704 Interamnia, 779…
Characterization of asteroid analogues by means of emission and reflectance spectroscopy in the 1- to 100-µm spectral rangeOPEN ACCESS
Alessandro Maturilli, Jörn Helbert, Sabrina Ferrari, Björn Davidsson and Mario D’Amore Earth, Planets and Space 2016 68:113 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-016-0489-y Published: 11 July 2016 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) HTML (OPEN ACCESS) “The last decades have seen a…
Aliphatic Amines in Antarctic CR2, CM2, and CM1/2 Carbonaceous Chondrites
José C. Aponte, Hannah L. McLain, Jason P. Dworkin, Jamie E. Elsila Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 18 June 2016 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.06.018 LINK “Meteoritic water-soluble organic compounds provide a unique record…
Chromium Nitride in Metal of the CM Chondrite QUE 97990
Barth M. I. F. * Harries D. Langenhorst F. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6334 LINK
Extended In-Situ Search of Amino Acids in the Murchison Meteorite
Henkel T. * Lyon I. C. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6437 LINK
Diverse Anhydrous Silicates in a Fine-Grained Rim in the Weakly Altered CM2 Chondrite Queen Elizabeth Range 97990: Evidence for the Localized Preservation of Pristine Nebular Dust in CM Chondrites.
Brearley A. J. * 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6190 LINK
Oxygen Isotopes in Chondrules from the Murchison CM2 Chondrite and Evidence for a CO-CM Link
Chaumard N. * Defouilloy C. Kita N. T. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) [#6408] LINK
Non Destructive IR Micro-Imaging of Whole Grains of the Paris Meteorite
Dionnet Z. * Aleon-Toppani A. Borondics F. Brunetto R. Djouadi Z. Troadec D. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) [#6130] LINK
Do We have Meteorites from the Veritas Asteroid Break-Up Event 8 Ma ago?
Meier M. M. M. * Grimm S. Maden C. Busemann H. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) [#6291] LINK
CV and CM Chondrite Impact Melts
Nicole G. Lunning, Catherine M. Corrigan, Harry Y. McSween, Travis J. Tenner, Noriko T. Kita, Robert. J. Bodnar Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 3 June 2016 LINK “Volatile-rich and typically…
Elephant Moraine 96029, a very mildly aqueously altered and heated CM carbonaceous chondrite: implications for the drivers of parent body processingOPEN ACCESS
Martin R. Lee, Paula Lindgren, Ashley J. King, Richard C. Greenwood, Ian A. Franchi, Robert Sparkes Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 10 May 2016 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK (OPEN ACCESS)…
New constraints on the relationship between 26Al and oxygen, calcium, and titanium isotopic variation in the early Solar System from a multielement isotopic study of spinel-hibonite inclusions
Levke Kööp, Daisuke Nakashima, Philipp R. Heck, Noriko T. Kita, Travis J. Tenner, Alexander N. Krot, Kazuhide Nagashima, Changkun Park, Andrew M. Davis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Available online 20 April 2016 LINK…
Multiple precursors of secondary mineralogical assemblages in CM chondrites.
Pignatelli, I., Marrocchi, Y., Vacher, Lionel. G., Delon, R. and Gounelle, M. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12625 LINK “We report a petrographic and mineralogical survey of tochilinite/cronstedtite intergrowths (TCIs) in Paris, a new CM…
Northwest Africa 5958: A weakly altered CM-related ungrouped chondrite, not a CI3.OPEN ACCESS
Jacquet, E., Barrat, J.-A., Beck, P., Caste, F., Gattacceca, J., Sonzogni, C. and Gounelle, M. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12628 Update (20 Feb 2017): PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK “Northwest Africa (NWA) 5958 is a…
Refractory and semi-volatile organics at the surface of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko: Insights from the VIRTIS/ROSETTA Imaging Spectrometer
E. Quirico, L.V. Moroz, B. Schmitt, G. Arnold, M. Faure, P. Beck, L. Bonal, M. Ciarniello, F. Capaccioni, G. Filacchione, S. Erard, C. Leyrat, D. Bockelée-Morvan, A. Zinzi, E. Palomba, P. Drossart, F. Tosi, M.T….
40Ar/39Ar Ages vs. Meteoroid Depth in Murchison (CM2): A Test of the Solar Heating Hypothesis
J. S. Delaney, B. Turrin, F. N. Lindsay, J. Park, G. F. Herzog, C. C. Swisher III 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1569 PDF
Rationalizing the Composition and Alteration of Ceres
H. Y. McSween, J. Castillo-Rogez, J. P. Emery, M. C. De Sanctis, Dawn Science Team 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1258 PDF
Characterizing Type 1 Aqueous Alteration in CM Carbonaceous Chondrites with Modal Mineral Abundances
A. J. King, P. F. Schofield, S. S. Russell 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1130 PDF
Oxygen and Carbon Isotopic Ratios of Carbonates in the Nogoya CM Chondrite
W. Fujiya, K. Fukuda, M. Koike, A. Ishida, Y. Sano 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1712 PDF
Pristine Pre-Accretionary Signatures in CM Chondrite Silicates: A Common Parent-Body with the CO Chondrites?
D. L. Schrader, J. Davidson 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1288 PDF
The Chemical Composition of Matrix, Chondrules and Bulk Meteorite of the CM Chondrite Jbilet Winselwan
P. Friend, D. C. Hezel, J.-A. Barrat, J. Zipfel, H. Palme 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1893 PDF
Formation and Preservation of Methane in Aqueously Altered and Shocked CM Carbonaceous Chondrites
P. Lindgren, N. J. F. Blamey, J. Parnell, M. R. Lee 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1133 PDF
Spectral variability on primitive asteroids of the Themis and Beagle families: space weathering effects or parent body heterogeneity? (updated: Jan. 21)
S. Fornasier, C. Lantz, D. Perna, H. Campins, M.A. Barucci, D. Nesvorny Icarus Available online 15 January 2016 Last update (21 January 2016): PDF (open access) LINK “Themis is an old and statistically robust asteroid…
P-O-rich sulfide phase in CM chondrites: Constraints on its origin on the CM parent body.
Zhang, A.-C., Itoh, S., Yurimoto, H., Hsu, W.-B., Wang, R.-C. and Taylor, L. A. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12583 Article first published online: 20 DEC 2015 DOI: 10.1111/maps.12583 LINK “CM chondrites are a group…
Geochemistry, thermal evolution, and cryovolcanism on Ceres with a muddy ice mantle
Marc Neveu, Steven J. Desch Geophysical Research Letters 10.1002/2015GL066375 published: 12 December 2015 LINK “We present a model of the internal evolution of Ceres consistent with pre-Dawn observations and preliminary data returned by Dawn. We…
Redistribution of alkaline elements in association with aqueous activity in the early solar system
Hiroshi Hidaka, Takuya Higuchi, and Shigekazu Yoneda The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 815, Number 1 Published 2015 December 10 LINK “It is known that the Sayama meteorite (CM2) shows an extensive signature for aqueous alteration on…
Episodic carbonate precipitation in the CM chondrite ALH 84049: An ion microprobe analysis of O and C isotopes
Mark Tyra, Adrian Brearley, Yunbin Guan Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 November 2015 LINK “We have determined the O and C isotope compositions of dolomite grains and the C…
2P/Encke, the Taurid complex NEOs and the Maribo and Sutter’s Mill meteorites
C. Tubiana, C. Snodgrass, R. Michelsen, H. Haack, H. Boehnhardt, A. Fitzsimmons, I. P. Williams in press in A&A PDF (full text) abstract “The Taurid meteoroid stream has long been linked with 2P/Encke owing to…
Effects of viewing geometry, aggregation state, and particle size on reflectance spectra of the Murchison CM2 chondrite deconvolved to Dawn FC band passes
Matthew R.M. Izawa, Tanja Schäfer, Valerie B. Pietrasz, Edward A. Cloutis, Paul Mann, Andreas Nathues, Kurt Mengel, Michael Schäfer, Guneshwar Thangjam, Martin Hoffmann, Kimberly T. Tait, Daniel M. Applin Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available…
The conditions of chondrule formation, Part II: Open system
Pia Friend, Dominik C. Hezel, Daniel Mucerschi Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 3 November 2015 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2015.10.026 LINK Refers to: Dominik C. Hezel, Herbert Palme The conditions of chondrule formation, Part…
Spectral Parameters for Dawn FC Color Data: Carbonaceous Chondrites and Aqueous Alteration Products as Potential Cerean Analog Materials
Tanja Schäfer, Andreas Nathues, Kurt Mengel, Matthew R.M. Izawa, Edward A. Cloutis, Michael Schäfer, Martin Hoffmann Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 23 October 2015 doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.10.005
Ion irradiation of carbonaceous chondrites as a simulation of space weathering on C-complex asteroids
C. LANTZ, R. Brunetto, M.A. Barucci, C. Bachelet, D. Baklouti, J. Bourçois, E. Dartois, J. Duprat, P. Duret, C. Engrand, M. Godard, D. Ledu, O. Mivumbi, and S. Fornasier EPSC Abstracts Vol. 10, EPSC2015-138, 2015…
Understanding the organo-carbonate associations in carbonaceous chondrites with the use of micro-Raman analysis
Q. H. S. Chan and M. E. Zolensky EPSC Abstracts Vol. 10, EPSC2015-257, 2015 European Planetary Science Congress 2015 PDF “Carbonates can potentially provide sites for organic materials to accrue and develop into complex macromolecules….
