Ådalen / Refvelsta / Altuna / Fjärdhundra (prov.) iron meteorite of 7 November 2020 (21:27:04 UT) bolide found near Revelsta, Altuna, Fjärdhundra, Enköping Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden

26/01/2021 13:45 · by karmaka · in iron, meteor/meteoroid/bolide, meteorite

Last update: 28 May 2024

The regmaglypted ‘Ådalen’ (prov.) iron meteorite with its velvety fusion crust. Photo: Andreas Forsberg and Anders Zetterqvist

On 23 February it was announced that on 5 December 2020 a 13.8-kilogram iron meteorite (30 centimeters long) was found by Andreas Forsberg, geologists from Stockholm, about 70 meters away from the location of the mark on a rock boulder and some damaged roots in the ground next to it, which were discovered by geologist Anders Zetterqvist on 16 November. The meteorite must have bounced against the granite boulder and then a flat rock outcrop on the ground, before it became embedded into the soil surrounded by roots and moss next to a birch, 75 ± 1 metres away from the boulder in a south-southwestern direction (azimuth 200°). Forsberg says he saw something metallic ‘shining’ from a mass which was still partly covered by a thin layer of white lichen and was well-embedded in the mossy ground. He removed some of the lichen and immediately knew he had found a meteorite. Since he found it so far from the site of the boulder he was initially unsure whether his find was actually the meteorite they had been looking for or another chance find of a meteorite. Immediately after the find he didn’t dig it out but covered it with moss, went back to his car and called Zetterqvist in Stockholm to ask if he should leave it in-situ so that Zetterqvist could come and see it in-situ as well. Since there was bad weather and just started to drizzle Zetterqvist told Forsberg to dig out ‘the find of his lifetime’ immediately. Forsberg took the meteorite out, wrapped it in some packing material and took it to his apartment where he kept it in a dry environment and took photos of it. Forsberg considers Zetterqvist and himself as the two finders of the meteorite because only their efforts and collaboration made the meteorite find possible. The meteorite mass was larger than expected. The meteorite shows signs (a large crack and impact marks) of its collision with the big granite boulder. It is considered to be the ‘main mass’ of the fall, but other masses (with an approximate total weight equal to that of the found specimen) could not be found in the months after the fall. The meteorite wasn’t handed over to the Swedish Museum of Natural History (on loan for a year) until 14 February 2021 because Forsberg didn’t want to attract the attention of foreign (Latvian and Danish) commercial meteorite hunters who would have brought any finds out of the country. Forsberg wanted the meteorite to be exhibited in the museum and hoped to get a reasonable compensation for his efforts. Landowner Johan Benzelstierna von Engeström reports he learned about the find of the iron meteorite mass on his property from a press release by Eric Stempels on 22 February 2021. The Swedish Museum of Natural History hopes to acquire the meteorite for its collection.

Before, on 17 November Andreas Forsberg (and apparently some days later also the mineralogist Jörgen Langhof, Curator of minerals at the Swedish Royal Museum of Natural History), found ~20 small nickel- and cobalt-containing fragments (1-6 mm) of a meteorite which were thought to have fallen at ~21:27:04 UT on 7 November 2020. The fragments were found with a magnet stick on the mossy ground near the village Ådalen, north of Fjärdhundra, Sweden, about 2.8 kilometers (on the ground) northeast of the calculated end of the bolide’s luminous trail. The fragments were found within a radius of 10 meters around a boulder which was thought to have been hit by a hard object and a metre long pit with damaged tree roots which was supposed to have been caused by the impact of a ‘fist-sized object’. A press release on 26 January by the Uppsala University and the Swedish Royal Museum of Natural History did not mention that it was Forsberg who had found the meteorite fragments. As already said above the site with the roots and the large boulder had been found on 16 November by ‘hobby meteorite hunter’ Anders Zetterqvist, who then told Langhof about it. Since Andreas Forsberg and Anders Zetterqvist initially couldn’t find a larger meteorite mass near the damaged tree roots they thought another (foreign) meteorite searcher had already found and removed it. According to Langhof, after his arrival at the site he searched the area around the pit for merely five minutes while using a neodymium magnet before he found the fragments.

If a very short terrestrial age of the meteorite (which, we believe, must be determined by properly measuring short-lived isotopes of this specimen very soon) confirms its connection to the bolide of 7 September 2020, it will be the first known meteorite fall in Sweden since 1954.

Ownership conflict and Uppsala District Court verdict in December 2022

In April 2021 it was reported that a conflict concerning the ownership of the meteorite had emerged. The owner of the 1000-hectare Refvelsta estate on which the meteorite was found, the 44-year old Count Johan Benzelstierna von Engeström, claims ownership of the meteorite, which he calls ‘Refvelstameteoriten’, and has taken legal action. He claims the ‘Allemansrätten’, the Swedish ‘Right of public access’, does not apply in the case of a meteorite find, because according to him the removal of objects of economic value from someone’s property is not covered by this law. Benzelstierna von Engeström claims he does not want to sell the meteorite but instead wants to see it on exhibition in a Swedish museum. He claims he does not want to give up ownership of the meteorite. By 24 October 2021 the dispute could not be settled and would have to be decided in court. The main hearing at the district court in Uppsala began on 21 November 2022 and the verdict was given on the 20 December 2022 around 2 p.m. : press release (20 December 2022) / English (automatic translation). The meteorite belongs to the two finders, Anders Zetterqvist und Andreas Forsberg, because after its fall it did not become a part of the property it fell on (”Inte en del av fastigheten” (“Not part of the property”)). The court states: “The district court has considered that a recently fallen meteorite has no permanent connection to the earth or the property and cannot be expected to remain on the property for a long time.” … “a recently fallen meteorite is not part of the property on which it has landed.” … “A recently fallen meteorite cannot be considered to constitute such a natural product that is covered by public rights. On the other hand, the public right is important in that it gives everyone a right to look for meteorites on someone else’s land, as long as the property is not damaged. This applies regardless of a meteorite’s value” … “In order for someone to become the owner of moveable property that has no owner, the property must be taken into possession. The property owner cannot be deemed to have obtained possession of the meteorite simply because it has landed on his property. Ownership goes instead to the person who found the meteorite and, in connection with that, took possession of it. Since the property owner has not become the owner of the meteorite, the company’s claim for better rights has been rejected.” Thus the meteorite keeps its state as “var lös egendom utan ägare” (“movable property without an owner”) until a finder takes possession of it. In January 2023 Landowner Johan Benzelstierna von Engeström appealed the court’s judgement. There is no explicit Swedish law concerning meteorite finds in Sweden. As confirmed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency it is however apparently forbidden by the Criminal Code to remove terrestrial stones, gravel or peat from someone’s property without permission.
The finders, Anders Zetterqvist und Andreas Forsberg, who referred to the ‘Allemansrätten’ claimed that found meteorites, as ‘non-terrestrial objects’, have traditionally belonged to the finders. The Swedish Museum of Natural History, where the meteorite is currently curated had commissioned a law firm to conduct a legal investigation on the matter.
On 23 February 2021 it was reported that Johan Benzelstierna von Engeström has planned to erect an obelisk with a meteorite replica on top as a meteorite memorial at the fall site and to turn it into a tourist attraction.

Verdict of Svea Court of Appeal (21 March 2024)

On 21 March 2024 the Svea Court of Appeal ruled in its Judgment in case of better right to meteorite / (original text of the verdict in Swedish) that the meteorite is considered “part of immovable property just like other stones, even though it may intuitively feel like a meteorite is something foreign to the earth” because it contains “substances that are already present in the earth’s surface and which, by their nature and character, cannot easily be separated from what is normally to be regarded as real property as part of the earth”. Judge Robert Green ruled that the ‘Allemansrätten’, the Swedish Right of public access, “does not give everyone the right to take a meteorite from another person’s land” unless there is a clear agreement between landowner and finder, which could not be proven in this specific case. One of the members of the Svea Court of Appeal disagreed and wanted to confirm the original Uppsala District Court’s verdict. The two finders had the right to appeal the verdict in front of the Supreme Court before 18 April 2024. On 18 April is was reported that in the evening of 17 April 2024 Anders Zetterqvist and Andreas Forsberg decided to appeal to the Supreme Court, which can grant leave to appeal and take up the case, or deny the appeal and thus confirm the judgment of the Svea Court of Appeal. The court case is unique in Swedish legal history. The 46-year old landowner Johan Benzelstierna von Engeström would like to give the meteorite to a museum on permanent loan during his lifetime.

Documentary film METEORITEN (2024)

Directors Johan Palmgren and Isabel Andersson have made the 59-minute documentary film Meteoriten about this meteorite fall and the following legal dispute. The film primarily covers the events until the Uppsala District Court verdict in December 2022. The film was shown during the TEMPO film festival in Stockholm (4-10 March 2024) and first published online (VIEW) at 02.00 CEST on 26 May 2024 by SVT. The film was broadcast on SVT1 on 28 May 2024 (20.00-21.00 CEST).

The First Instrumentally Documented Fall of an Iron Meteorite: Orbit and Possible Origin

Ihor Kyrylenko, Oleksiy Golubov, Ivan Slyusarev, Jaakko Visuri, Maria Gritsevich, Yurij N. Krugly, Irina Belskaya, and Vasilij G. Shevchenko

The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 953, Number 1
Published: 28 July 2023

PDF (OPEN ACCESS)

A Jump of an Iron Meteorite

Moilanen J. Gritsevich M.
LPSC 2022 abstract [#2933]
“We study is it possible that a 14 kg iron meteorite can jump 75 meters after hitting on a granite boulder.”

Possible Origin of the First Iron Meteorite with an Instrumentally Documented Fall

Kyrylenko I. Golubov O. Slyusarev I. Visuri J. Gritsevich M. et al.
LPSC 2022 abstract [#2655]
“We determine the orbit of the first iron meteoroid with instrumentally recorded fall, simulate its past orbital evolution and origin in the main asteroid belt.”

A Spatial Heat Map for the 7 November 2020 Iron Meteorite Fall

Moilanen J., Gritsevich M.

84th Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2021 (abstract # 6252)

“On the difference between density and mass distribution per surface area heat maps made from dark flight Monte Carlo (DFMC) simulations. Using simulations for a recent, but still unclassified, iron meteorite fall in Sweden as an example.”

The meteorite ‘in situ’ on 5 December 2020. Photo: Andreas Forsberg

Johan Benzelstierna von Engeström pointing at the exact find location of the meteorite next to a birch tree. Image: SVT

Andreas Forsberg and Anders Zetterqvist presenting the meteorite. Photo: Andreas Forsberg and Anders Zetterqvist

Other side of the meteorite with impact marks and damage from hitting the boulder. Image: SVT

Boulder with impact mark. Image: SVT

The probable path of the bouncing meteorite mass. Photo: Anders Zetterqvist

The impact site on the granite boulder. The impact mark on the southwestern slope (45 – 50° from the vertical) of the boulder is 22 cm long and 9 cm wide. Image: SVT

The probable impact mark of the bouncing meteorite mass, apparently photographed before it has been rummaged. Photo: Anders Zetterqvist

The probable impact mark of the bouncing meteorite mass, apparently photographed after it has been rummaged for a meteorite. Photo: Anders Zetterqvist

Three fragments. Photo: Naturhistoriska riksmuseet

Photo: Naturhistoriska riksmuseet

Press

Meteoriten i Enköping: Den stenhårda striden (Filter #82, 27 September 2021)
automatic translation

LINK Naturhistoriska riksmuseet – Press release (23 February 2021)

LINK Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (23 February 2021)

LINK (23 February 2021)

LINK (Uppsala universitet, 26 January 2021)

LINK (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, 26 January 2021)

Lantbrukets Affärstidning (23 April 2021)

SVT (24 October 2021)

The bolide

The preatmospheric orbit

Trajectory calculations (Norsk meteornettverk)

The preatmospheric orbit (orbit elements: perihelion distance: 0.898 AU, eccentricity: 0.546, inclination: 15.0°, knot length: 225.6°, perihelion argument: 222.7°, mean anomaly: 348.8°