A unique stone skipping–like trajectory of asteroid AletaiOPEN ACCESS
Ye Li, Bin Li, Weibiao Hsu, A. J. Timothy Jull, Shiyong Liao, Yuhui Zhao, Haibin Zhao, Yunhua Wu, Shaolin Li and Chipui Tang Science Advances24 Jun 2022Vol 8, Issue 25 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS)…
The Meteoritic Origin of Morocco Iron Dagger BladesOPEN ACCESS
Abderrahmane Ibhi, Lahcen Ouknine, Fouad Khiri, Ahmed Ait Touchnt, Hassan Nachit, Olga De Pascale, Giorgio S. Senesi Heritage 2022, 5(3), 1395-1400Published: 23 June 2022 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Up until now, a few artifacts…
Campo del Cielo modeling and comparison with observations: I. Atmospheric entry of the iron meteoroidOPEN ACCESS
A. Schmalen, R. Luther, N. Artemieva MAPSVersion of Record online: 21 June 2022 LINK “This paper presents an attempt to reconstruct the Campo del Cielo (CdC) impact event, that is, to estimate the preatmospheric mass…
IVA iron meteorites as Late-Stage Crystallization Products Affected by Multiple Collisional EventsOPEN ACCESS
Alan E. Rubin, Bidong Zhang, Nancy L. Chabot Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaIn Press, Journal Pre-proof, Available online 2 June 2022 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Although IVA irons have O- and Cr-isotopic compositions resembling those of equilibrated…
The dissipation of the solar nebula constrained by impacts and core cooling in planetesimals
Alison C. Hunt, Karen J. Theis, Mark Rehkämper, Gretchen K. Benedix, Rasmus Andreasen & Maria Schönbächler Nature AstronomyPublished: 23 May 2022 LINK “Rapid cooling of planetesimal cores has been inferred for several iron meteorite parent…
The noble gas inventory in metal samples and troilite inclusions from IIIAB iron meteorites: Reinvestigating the live129I-129Xe dating methodOPEN ACCESS
Thomas Smith, Ingo Leya MAPSVersion of Record online:19 May 2022 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The live 129I-129Xe dating technique, which internally corrects for shielding, is particularly well suited for large iron meteorites, for which…
Possible Implications of Relatively High Levels of Initial 60Fe in Iron Meteorites for the Non-Carbonaceous — Carbonaceous Meteorite Dichotomy and Solar Nebula FormationOPEN ACCESS
Alan P. Bossaccepted for ApJ PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Cook et al. (2021) found that iron meteorites have an initial abundance ratio of the short-lived isotope 60Fe to the stable isotope 56Fe of 60Fe/56Fe ~ (6.4…
Tungsten and molybdenum isotopic evidence for an impact origin of pallasites
Thomas S. Kruijer, Christoph Burkhardt, Lars E. Borg, Thorsten Kleine Earth and Planetary Science LettersVolume 584, 15 April 2022 LINK “Highlights • Strong isotopic and chronological link between pallasites and IIIAB iron meteorites.• Main-group pallasite…
The manufacture and origin of the Tutankhamen meteoritic iron daggerOPEN ACCESS
Takafumi Matsui, Ryota Moriwaki, Eissa Zidan, Tomoko Arai MAPSFirst published: 11 February 2022 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The Iron Age was the time when people acquired iron processing technology and is generally thought to…
Chemical study of group IIIF iron meteorites and the potentially related pallasites Zinder and Northwest Africa 1911OPEN ACCESS
Bidong Zhang, Nancy L. Chabot, Alan E. Rubin, Munir Humayun, Joseph S. Boesenberg, Deon van Niekerk Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaIn Press, Journal Pre-proof, Available online 10 February 2022 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Group IIIF was established…
A Jump of an Iron Meteorite
Moilanen J. Gritsevich M. PDF LPSC 2022 abstract [#2933] “We study is it possible that a 14 kg iron meteorite can jump 75 meters after hitting on a granite boulder.”
Possible Origin of the First Iron Meteorite with an Instrumentally Documented Fall
Kyrylenko I. Golubov O. Slyusarev I. Visuri J. Gritsevich M. et al. PDF LPSC 2022 abstract [#2655] “We determine the orbit of the first iron meteoroid with instrumentally recorded fall, simulate its past orbital evolution…
Contemporary formation of early Solar System planetesimals at two distinct radial locationsOPEN ACCESS
A. Morbidelli, K. Baillié, K. Batygin, S. Charnoz, T. Guillot, D. C. Rubie & T. Kleine Nature Astronomy (2021)Published: 22 December 2021 LINK Update (3 January 2022): PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The formation of planetesimals is…
Chemical characteristics of iron meteorite parent bodies
Connor D. Hilton, Richard D. Ash, Richard J. Walker Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaAvailable online 6 December 2021 LINK “The projected relative abundances of the highly siderophile elements (HSE; Re, Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, and Pd)…
Early differentiation of magmatic iron meteorite parent bodies from Mn-Cr chronometryOPEN ACCESS
Aryavart Anand, Jonas Pape, Martin Wille, Klaus Mezger, Beda Hofmann Accepted for publication in Geochemical Perspective Letters PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Magmatic iron meteorite groups such as IIAB, IIIAB and IVA, represent the largest sampling of…
Revisiting the Wasson fractional crystallization model for IIIAB iron meteorites with implications for the interpretation of their Fe isotope ratios
Edward D. Young Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 01 November 2021 LINK “The trapped melt fractional crystallization model for the IIIAB iron meteorites put forward by J. T. Wasson two decades prior is…
Three‐dimensional petrography of the Tucson meteorite
Jon M. Friedrich, Michael K. Weisberg, Lucille C. Malecek, C. E. Nehru Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceFirst Published: 27 October 2021 LINK “We use X-ray microtomography (µCT) and digital data extraction techniques for the three-dimensional (3-D)…
Cooling rates and impact histories of group IAB and other IAB complex iron meteorites inferred from zoned taenite and the cloudy zone
Joseph I. Goldstein, Edward R. D. Scott, Timothy B. Winfield, Jijin Yang Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 18 October 2021 LINK “Metallographic cooling rates of 10–20 K Myr−1 were obtained for four IAB…
A revised trapped melt model for iron meteorites applied to the IIIAB groupOPEN ACCESS
Nancy L. Chabot, Bidong Zhang Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 18 October 2021 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “As the largest magmatic iron meteorite group, the IIIAB group is often used to investigate…
Earth’s accretion inferred from iron isotopic anomalies of supernova nuclear statistical equilibrium originOPEN ACCESS
Timo Hopp, Nicolas Dauphas, Fridolin Spitzer, Christoph Burkhardt, Thorsten Kleine Accepted for publication in Earth and Planetary Science Letters PDF (OPEN ACCESS) Update (10 November 2021):Earth and Planetary Science LettersVolume 577, 1 January 2022LINK “Highlights…
Nucleosynthetic Pt isotope anomalies and the Hf-W chronology of core formation in inner and outer solar system planetesimalsOPEN ACCESS
Fridolin Spitzer, Christoph Burkhardt, Francis Nimmo, Thorsten Kleine Accepted for publication in Earth and Planetary Science Letters PDF (OPEN ACCESS) Update (6 October 2021): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 576, 15 December 2021LINK “The…
Collisional mixing between inner and outer solar system planetesimals inferred from the Nedagolla iron meteoriteOPEN ACCESS
Fridolin Spitzer, Christoph Burkhardt, Jonas Pape, Thorsten Kleine Accepted for publication in Meteoritics & Planetary Science PDF (OPEN ACCESS) Update (18 October 2021):Meteoritics & Planetary Science, Version of Record online: 18 October 2021LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF…
Metallographic Cooling Rate and Petrogenesis of the Recently Found Huoyanshan Iron Meteorite Shower
Nian Wang, Guiqin Wang, Ting Zhang, Lixin Gu, Chi Zhang, Sen Hu, Bingkui Miao, Yangting Lin JGR: PlanetsFirst Published: 02 September 2021 LINK “The Huoyanshan iron meteorite shower, recently found in the Gobi Desert of…
Iron and Nickel Isotopes in IID and IVB Iron Meteorites: Evidence for Admixture of an SN II Component and Implications for the Initial Abundance of 60Fe
David L. Cook, Bradley S. Meyer, and Maria Schönbächler The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 917, Number 2 LINK “We measured Fe and Ni isotopes in 13 iron meteorites from magmatic groups IID and IVB. Resolvable deficits…
IIE irons: Origin, relationship to ordinary chondrites, and evidence for siderophile-element fractionations caused by chondrule formation
Alan E. Rubin Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 19 July 2021 LINK “IIE irons were derived from chondritic precursors that were the most reduced ordinary chondrites. The bulk chemical (e.g., Ir/Ni, Ir/Au, Au/Ni,…
Neutron capture 128Xe and 129Xe in the San Juan mass of the Campo del Cielo IAB iron meteorite: Evidence for a high fluence of thermalized neutronsOPEN ACCESS
O. Pravdivtseva, M. E. Varela, A. Meshik, A. J. Campbell, M. Saavedra, D. Topa, Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 09 July 2021 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The petrographic study of the San…
Calculation of a magnetic force acting on small superconducting celestial bodiesOPEN ACCESS
Lukasz Tomkow The European Physical Journal Plus volume 136, Article number: 730 (2021)Published: 08 July 2021 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Recent discoveries of superconducting phases in the samples of meteorites suggest the possibility of…
Campo del Cielo Strewn Field: Modeling and Comparison with Observations
Schmalen A. *, Luther R., Artemieva N. 84th Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2021 (abstract # 6044) PDF Reconstruction of the Campo del Cielo impact event, i.e., to estimate the minimal pre-atmospheric mass and…
A Spatial Heat Map for the 7 November 2020 Iron Meteorite Fall
Moilanen J., Gritsevich M. 84th Annual Meeting of The Meteoritical Society 2021 (abstract # 6252) PDF On the difference between density and mass distribution per surface area heat maps made from dark flight Monte Carlo…
A 650 km2 Miocene strewnfield of splash-form impact glasses in the Atacama Desert, ChileOPEN ACCESS
J. Gattacceca, B. Devouard, J.-A. Barrat, P. Rochette, M.L. Balestrier, G. Bigazzi, G. Ménard, F. Moustard, E. Dos Santos, R. Scorzelli, M. Valenzuela, M. Gounelle, V. Debaille, P. Beck, L.Bonal, B. Reynard, M. Warner Earth…
Multiple thermal events recorded in IIE silicate inclusions: Evidence from in situ U–Pb dating of phosphates in Weekeroo Station
Shaolin Li, Weibiao Hsu (徐伟彪), Alexander Nemchin, Xiaochao Che, Dunyi Liu, Tao Long, Yexing Luo, Sky Beard, Chipui Tang Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaIn Press, Journal Pre-proof, Available online 20 June 2021 LINK “Silicate-bearing iron meteorites…
57Fe Mössbauer Analysis of Meteorites and TektitesOPEN ACCESS
Benilde F.O. Costa, Eduardo Ivo Alves, Pedro A.O.C. Silva and António C. Batista ReviewMinerals 2021, 11(6), 628Published: 12 June 2021 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (download) “This review presents studies on iron meteorites (Campo del Cielo fall…
Solar noble gases in an iron meteorite indicate terrestrial mantle signatures derive from Earth’s coreOPEN ACCESS
Manfred Vogt, Mario Trieloff, Ulrich Ott, Jens Hopp & Winfried H. Schwarz Communications Earth & Environment 2 , 1–7 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Noble gases are important tracers of planetary accretion and acquisition of…
Colomera (Granada, Spain): More than a century of an IIE iron meteorite journey
R. P. Lozano, J. A. Sánchez, R. González‐Laguna, T. Martín‐Crespo Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 27 March 2021 LINK “Colomera is the Spanish meteorite (IIE) that has aroused the greatest interest among the…
Amino acid abundances and compositions in iron and stony‐iron meteorites
Jamie E. Elsila, Natasha M. Johnson, Daniel P. Glavin, José C. Aponte, Jason P. Dworkin Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 25 March 2021 LINK “The organic compositions of carbonaceous chondrite meteorites have been…
Early volatile depletion on planetesimals inferred from C–S systematics of iron meteorite parent bodiesOPEN ACCESS
Marc M. Hirschmann, Edwin A. Bergin, Geoff A. Blake, Fred J. Ciesla, and Jie Li PNAS March 30, 2021 118 (13) e2026779118 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) manuscript PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “During the formation of…
Crater shape as a possible record of the impact environment of metallic bodies: Effects of temperature, impact velocity and impactor densityOPEN ACCESS
Ryo Ogawa, Akiko M. Nakamura, Ayako Suzuki, Sunao Hasegawa Icarus, accepted PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Metallic bodies that were the cores of differentiated bodies are sources of iron meteorites and are considered to have formed early…
Excellent mechanical properties of taenite in meteoric ironOPEN ACCESS
Shohei Ueki, Yoji Mine & Kazuki Takashima Scientific Reports 11 , 1–8 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Meteoric iron is the metal that humans first obtained and used in the earliest stage of metal culture….
XAFS and XRD study on Fe, Ni, and Ge in iron meteorite NWA 859
Huimin Shao, Hiroshi Isobe, Ginga Kitahara, Hiroshi Fukui & Akira Yoshiasa Physics and Chemistry of Minerals volume 48, Article number: 11 (2021) LINK “Iron meteorites record the evolutionary and cosmochemical processes of their parent bodies….
A long‐lived planetesimal dynamo powered by core crystallization
Clara Maurel, James F. J. Bryson, Jay Shah, Rajesh V. Chopdekar, L. T. Elkins‐Tanton, C. A. Raymond, Benjamin P. Weiss Geophysical Research LettersFirst published: 11 February 2021 LINK “The existence of numerous iron meteorite groups…
Evaluating the O‐Cr‐Mo isotope signatures in various meteorites representing core–mantle–crust fragments: Implications for partially differentiated planetesimal(s) accreted in the early outer solar system
Arshad Ali, Iffat Jabeen Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 07 February 2021 LINK “The Allende, Eagle Station pallasites (ESP), some ungrouped achondrites (UA), and ungrouped irons (UI) represent different types of meteorites; these…
Ådalen / Revelsta / Altuna / Fjärdhundra (prov.) iron meteorite of 7 November 2020 (21:27:04 UT) bolide found near Revelsta, Altuna, Fjärdhundra, Enköping Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden
Last update: 4 February 2022 The regmaglypted ‘Ådalen’ (prov.) iron meteorite with its velvety fusion crust. Photo: Andreas Forsberg and Anders Zetterqvist On 23 February it was announced that on 5 December 2020 a 13.8-kilogram…
A very early origin of isotopically distinct nitrogen in inner Solar System protoplanetsOPEN ACCESS
Damanveer S. Grewal, Rajdeep Dasgupta & Bernard Marty Nature Astronomy (2021) LINK Preprint (differs from the journal version) PDF (OPEN ACCESS)Journal PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Understanding the origin of life-essential volatiles such as nitrogen (N) in…
Elemental composition and physical characteristics of the massive meteorite of the Saudi Empty QuarterOPEN ACCESS
M. S. AlSalhi, V. Masilamani, Nasser Alarifi, W. Aslam Farooq, M. Atif, Shahid Ramay, Hayat Saeed Althobaiti, Saqib Anwar, Ibrahim Elkhedr, Bassam A.Abuamarah Journal of King Saud University – ScienceIn Press, Journal Pre-proof, Available online…
Crystallization histories of the group IIF iron meteorites and Eagle Station pallasites
Connor D. Hilton, Richard D. Ash, Richard J. Walker Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 22 December 2020 LINK “The group IIF iron meteorites and Eagle Station pallasites (PES) have highly siderophile element abundances…
Meteorite Potůčky (Steinbach): history and new finds (Czech Republic) / [Meteorit potůčky (Steinbach): historie a nové nálezy (Česká Republika)]OPEN ACCESS
Pauliš, Petr; Černý, David; Malý, Tomáš; Dolníček, Zdeněk; Bohatý, Martin; Ulmanová, Jana; Pour, Ondřej; Plášil, Jakub; Malina, Ondřej; Bohdálek, Petr; Sýkora, Ivan; Povinec, P. Pavel Bulletin Mineralogie Petrologie, Volume 28, issue 1 (2020), pages 179-202…
Iron Meteorites: Composition, Age, and OriginOPEN ACCESS
Edward R. D. Scott LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (DOWNLOAD) “Iron meteorites are thought to be samples of metallic cores and pools that formed in diverse small planetary bodies. Their great diversity offers remarkable insights into the…
Reproduction of I‐type cosmic spherules and characterization in an Fe‐Ni‐O system
Huimin Shao, Hiroshi Isobe, Bingkui Miao Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online: 21 September 2020 LINK “The chemical composition and texture of cosmic spherules are influenced by atmospheric conditions and the characteristics of their…
The Santa Rosa de Viterbo meteorite, Colombia. New work on it’s petrological, geochemical and economical characterization
B. Bsdok, U. Altenberger, A. E. Concha, F. D. H. Wilke, J. G. Gil-Rodríguez Journal of South American Earth SciencesIn press, journal pre-proof, Available online 22 August 2020. LINK “Undifferentiated meteorites, like primitive chondrites, can…
Genetics, Age and Crystallization History of Group IIC Iron Meteorites
Hope A. Tornabene, Connor D. Hilton, Katherine R. Bermingham, Richard D. Ash, Richard J. Walker Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaIn Press, Journal Pre-proof, Available online 3 August 2020 LINK “The eight iron meteorites currently classified as…
Heavy iron isotope composition of iron meteorites explained by core crystallization
Peng Ni, Nancy L. Chabot, Caillin J. Ryan & Anat Shahar Nature Geoscience , 1–5Published: 03 August 2020 LINK “Similar to Earth, many large planetesimals in the Solar System experienced planetary-scale processes such as accretion,…
Early accretion of planetesimals unraveled by the thermal evolution of the parent bodies of magmatic iron meteorites
Edouard Kaminski, Angela Limare, Balthasar Kenda, Marc Chaussidon Earth and Planetary Science LettersVolume 548, 15 October 2020, 116469 LINK “Highlights • Hf/W ages of magmatic iron meteorites define a common thermal evolution.• We propose a…
Meteorite evidence for partial differentiation and protracted accretion of planetesimalsOPEN ACCESS
Clara Maurel, James F. J. Bryson, Richard J. Lyons, Matthew R. Ball, Rajesh V. Chopdekar, Andreas Scholl, Fred J. Ciesla, William F. Bottke, Benjamin P. Weiss Science Advances 24 Jul 2020:Vol. 6, no. 30, eaba1303DOI:…
Closure temperature of the Pd-Ag system and the crystallization and cooling history of IIIAB iron meteorites
M. Matthes, J.A. van Orman, T. Kleine Geochimica et Cosmochimica ActaAvailable online 14 July 2020 LINK “To better constrain the crystallization and cooling history of the IIIAB iron meteorite parent body, we report new 107Pd-107Ag…
Iron meteorite fall near Sanchore (सांचौर), Jalore, Rajasthan, India on 19 June 2020 at ~ 6.15 a.m. IST (0.45 UT)
Last update: 24 June 2020 Photo: Jaykishan Khanwat The iron meteorite weighing 2788 grams fell (according to our own research) next to Gayatri College MB Road at location ~ 24°44’47.35″N, 71°47’3.78″E, just outside the city…
(Fe,Ni)2P allabogdanite can be an ambient pressure phase in iron meteoritesOPEN ACCESS
Konstantin D. Litasov, Tatyana B. Bekker, Nursultan E. Sagatov, Pavel N. Gavryushkin, Pavel G. Krinitsyn & Konstantin E. Kuper Scientific Reports 10 , 1–11 LINK (OPEN ACCESS)PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “An orthorhombic modification of (Fe,Ni)2P, allabogdanite,…
Qarabawi’s Camel Charm: Tracing the meteoritic origins of a cultural artifact
Rhiannon G. Mayne, Catherine M. Corrigan, Timothy J. McCoy, James M. D. Day, Timothy R. Rose Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceVersion of Record online:09 May 2020 LINK “Qarabawi’s Camel Charm was acquired from Abdullah Qarabawi of…
New implications for the origin of the IAB main group iron meteorites and the isotopic evolution of the noncarbonaceous (NC) reservoir
Connor D.Hilton, Richard J.Walker Earth and Planetary Science LettersVolume 540, 15 June 2020, 116248 LINK “Highlights • The IAB-MG iron meteorites have a μ182W value of −295 ± 3.• The IAB-MG are constrained to have…
Petrography, geochemistry and classification of ten new iron meteorites from Northwest Africa and Chile
Massimo D’Orazio Periodico di MineralogiaVol 89, No 1 (2020) LINK “I present detailed petrographic descriptions and major- and trace-element data on a set of ten new iron meteorites (irons) from Nortwest Africa and the Atacama…
Origin and age of metal veins in Canyon Diablo graphite nodules
Connor D. Hilton, Richard D. Ash, Philip M. Piccoli, David A. Kring, Timothy J. McCoy, Richard J. Walker Meteoritics & Planetary ScienceFirst Published: 9 April 2020 LINK “Previous studies attributed the origin of metal veins…
53Mn and 60Fe in iron meteorites—New data, model calculations
Ingo Leya, Jean‐Christophe David, Thomas Faestermann, Michaela Froehlich, Niko Kivel, Dominik Koll, Gunther Korschinek, Sarah McIntyre, Silke Merchel, Stefan Pavetich, Georg Rugel, Dorothea Schumann, Thomas Smith, Anton Wallner Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 31…
Superconductivity found in meteorites
James Wampler, Mark Thiemens, Shaobo Cheng, Yimei Zhu, and Ivan K. Schuller PNAS, first published March 23, 2020 LINK “Meteorites can contain a wide range of material phases due to the extreme environments found in…
Experimental partitioning of trace elements into schreibersite with applications to IIG iron meteorites
Nancy L. Chabot, Rachel H. Cueva, Andrew W. Beck, Richard D. Ash Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 4 March 2020 LINK “Some of the defining characteristics of the IIG iron meteorite group are their…
The properties of cm–sized iron meteoroids
Vlastimil Vojáček, Jiří Borovička, Pavel Spurný, David Čapek Planetary and Space Science LINK “Highlights • Eight iron meteoroids were found among 220 fireball spectra. • cm-sized iron meteoroids have diverse asteroidal orbits. • According to…
Galactic cosmic ray effects on iron and nickel isotopes in iron meteoritesOPEN ACCESS
David L. Cook, Ingo Leya, Maria Schönbächler Meteoritics & Planetary Science LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “We present model calculations for cosmogenic production rates in order to quantify the potential effects of spallation and…
Design and construction of a bespoke system for the detection of buried, iron-rich meteorites in Antarctica
John W. Wilson, Liam A. Marsh, Wouter Van Verre, Michael C. Rose, Geoffrey Evatt, Andrew R.D. Smedley and Anthony J. Peyton Antarctic ScienceVolume 32, Issue 1 February 2020 , pp. 58-69 LINK “Iron-rich meteorites are…
Neutron activation analysis of meteorites at the VR-1 training reactor
Milan Stefanik, Martin Cesnek, Lubomir Sklenka, Tomas Kmjec, Marcel Miglierini Radiation Physics and Chemistry Volume 171, June 2020, 108675 LINK “Highlights • Applications of nuclear analytical techniques. • Neutron activation analysis and gamma-spectrometry in interdisciplinary…
The origin of s-process isotope heterogeneity in the solar protoplanetary diskOPEN ACCESS
Mattias Ek, Alison C. Hunt, Maria Lugaro & Maria Schönbächler Nature Astronomy , 1–9 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK “Rocky asteroids and planets display nucleosynthetic isotope variations that are attributed to the heterogeneous distribution of stardust…
The constancy of galactic cosmic rays as recorded by cosmogenic nuclides in iron meteoritesOPEN ACCESS
Thomas Smith, David L. Cook, Silke Merchel, Stefan Pavetich, Georg Rugel, Andreas Scharf, Ingo Leya Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 21 November 2019 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “We measured the He, Ne,…
The Widmanstätten pattern
Jeremy B. Tatum Meteoritics & Planetary Science LINK “A table is provided to determine the angles within the Widmanstätten pattern as a function of orientation of the slice, and methods are provided to solve the…
Roaldite in the iron-meteorite São Julião de Moreira
Gert Nolze, Klaus Heide Geochemistry In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 18 October 2019 LINK “Roaldite – Fe4N – has been identified in the São Julião de Moreira iron meteorite using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)…
Shock‐thermal history of the Agoudal (IIAB) iron meteorite from microstructural studies
D. Ray, S. Ghosh, H. Chennaoui Aoudjehane, S. Das Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 14 October 2019 LINK “The Agoudal IIAB iron meteorite exhibits only kamacite grains (~6 mm across) without any taenite. The…
Edscottite, Fe5C2, a new iron carbide mineral from the Ni-rich Wedderburn IAB iron meteorite
Chi Ma and Alan E. Rubin American Mineralogist, Volume 104, pages 1351–1355, 2019 LINK PDF “Edscottite (IMA 2018-086a), Fe5C2, is a new iron carbide mineral that occurs with low-Ni iron (kamacite), taenite, nickelphosphide (Ni-dominant schreibersite),…
Pb isotope evidence for rapid accretion and differentiation of planetary embryosOPEN ACCESS
J.N. Connelly, M. Schiller, M. Bizzarro Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 525, 1 November 2019, 115722 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Highlights • We report a Pb-Pb age of 4565.47 ± 0.30 Ma…
Metal Crystallization in IIE Irons and Their Possible Meteorite Analogues
S. N. Teplyakova, C. A. Lorenz Geochemistry International August 2019, Volume 57, Issue 8, pp 893-902 LINK “The metal of IIE irons provides evidence of fractionation in the interiors of an asteroid, but their fine-grained…
Geological and geophysical studies of the Agoudal impact structure (Central High Atlas, Morocco): New evidence for crater size and age
Houda El Kerni, Hasnaa Chennaoui Aoudjehane, David Baratoux, Mohammed Aoudjehane, André Charrière, Hassan Ibouh, Pierre Rochette, Yoann Quesnel, Minoru Uehara, Thomas Kenkmann, Gerwin Wulf, Michael Poelchau, Van Binh Nguyen, Maria Aboulahris, Samira Makhoukhi, Georges Aumaître,…
Distinct evolution of the carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous reservoirs: Insights from Ru, Mo, and W isotopes
Emily A. Worsham, Christoph Burkhardt, Gerrit Budde, Mario Fischer-Gödde,Thomas S.Kruijer, Thorsten Kleine Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 521, 1 September 2019, Pages 103-112 LINK “Highlights • Isotope characteristics of Ru, Mo, and W in…
Constraints on asteroid magnetic field evolution and the radii of meteorite parent bodies from thermal modelling
James F. J. Bryson, Jerome A. Neufeld, Francis Nimmo Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 521, 1 September 2019, Pages 68-78 LINK “Highlights • We predict the timing of asteroid magnetic field generation using thermal…
The Milton pallasite and South Byron Trio Irons: Evidence for oxidation and core crystallization
T.J. McCoy, C.M. Corrigan, K. Nagashima, V.S. Reynolds, R.D. Ash, W.F. McDonough, J.Yang, J.I. Goldstein, C.D. Hilton Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 13 June 2019 LINK “The link between the…
The Gove relict iron meteorite from Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia
Alex W. R. Bevan, Peter J. Downes, Dermot A. Henry, Michael Verrall, Peter W. Haines Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 11 June 2019 LINK “On February 24, 1979, a deeply oxidized mass of iron…
Lewis Cliff 86211 and 86498: Metal-Sulfide Liquid Segregates from a Carbonaceous Chondrite Impact Melt
Nicole G. Lunning, Timothy J. Mccoy, Devin L. Schrader, Kazu Nagashima, … Alfred Kracher Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 5 June 2019 LINK “The petrogenesis of the ungrouped iron meteorite…
The effects of impacts on the cooling rates of iron meteorites
Richard J. Lyons, Timothy J. Bowling, Fred J. Ciesla, Thomas M. Davison, Gareth S. Collins Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 14 May 2019 LINK “Iron meteorites provide a record of the thermal evolution of…
The chlorine isotope composition of iron meteorites: Evidence for the Cl isotope composition of the solar nebula and implications for extensive devolatilization during planet formation
Anthony Gargano, Zachary Sharp Meteoritics & Planetary Science First Published: 8 May 2019 LINK “The bulk chlorine concentrations and isotopic compositions of a suite of non‐carbonaceous (NC) and carbonaceous (CC) iron meteorites were measured using…
The layered structure model for winonaite parent asteroid implicated by textural and mineralogical diversityOPEN ACCESS
Xiaojia Zeng, Yingli Shang, Shijie LiEmail author, Xiongyao Li, Shijie Wang and Yang Li Earth, Planets and Space 2019 71:38, Published: 2 April 2019 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The winonaites are primitive achondrites that are…
Genetics, crystallization sequence, and age of the South Byron Trio iron meteorites: New insights to carbonaceous chondrite (CC) type parent bodies
Connor D. Hilton, Katherine R. Bermingham, Richard J. Walker, Timothy J. McCoy Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 27 February 2019 LINK “The nucleosynthetic Mo, Ru, and W isotopic compositions of…
Origin of the non-carbonaceous–carbonaceous meteorite dichotomyOPEN ACCESS
Josefine A. M. Nanne, Francis Nimmo, Jeffrey N.Cuzzi, Thorsten Kleine Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 511, 1 April 2019, Pages 44-54 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Highlights • New Ni isotopic data for iron meteorites confirm…
Meteorite cloudy zone formation as a quantitative indicator of paleomagnetic field intensities and cooling rates on planetesimalsOPEN ACCESS
Clara Maurel, Benjamin P. Weiss, James F. J. Bryson PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Metallic microstructures in slowly-cooled iron-rich meteorites reflect the thermal and magnetic histories of their parent planetesimals. Of particular interest is the cloudy zone,…
Cosmogenic effects on chromium isotopes in iron meteorites
Jia Liu, Liping Qin, Jiuxing Xia, Richard W. Carlson, Ingo Leya, Nicolas Dauphas, Yong sheng He Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 January 2019 LINK “The 53Mn-53Cr short-lived radionuclide decay…
Genetic Heritage and Chronology of Ungrouped Iron Meteorites
F. Spitzer, C. Burkhardt, G. Budde, T. S. Kruijer, T. Kleine 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2019), Abstract #2592 PDF abstract
Planetary Genealogy of Iron Meteorites and Pallasites Using ε54Cr-Δ17O Isotope Systematics
S. Dey, Q.-Z. Yin, M. E. Sanborn, K. Ziegler, T. J. McCoy 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2019), Abstract #2977 PDF abstract
Iron Isotope Constraints on Planetesimal Core Formation in the Early Solar System
Michelle K. Jordan, HaoLan Tang, Issaku E. Kohl, Edward D. Young Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta LINK “We determined the Fe isotope fractionation between the metal and silicate phases of two aubrite meteorites, Norton County and…
Campo del Cielo: A Campo by any other name
John T. Wasson Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 14 October 2018 LINK “A sample of Campo del Cielo with any other name would have the same composition. During the last three decades, our instrumental…
(16) Psyche: A mesosiderite-like asteroid?OPEN ACCESS
M. Viikinkoski, P. Vernazza, J. Hanus, H. Le Coroller, K. Tazhenova, B. Carry, M. Marsset, A. Drouard, F. Marchis, R. Fetick, T. Fusco, J. Durech, M. Birlan, J. Berthier, P. Bartczak, C. Dumas, J. Castillo-Rogez,…
Excess 180W in IIAB iron meteorites: Identification of cosmogenic, radiogenic, and nucleosynthetic components
David L. Cook, Thomas Smith, Ingo Leya, Connor D. Hilton, Richard J. Walker, Maria Schönbächler Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 503, 1 December 2018, Pages 29-36 LINK “Highlights • We present MC-ICPMS measurements of…
Noble gases and nitrogen in Raghunathpura (IIAB) and Nyaung (IIIAB) iron meteorites
S. V. S. Murty, S. Ghosh, Dwijesh Ray Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 23 September 2018 LINK “Noble gases and nitrogen were measured in two adjacent samples each from the Raghunathpura (IIAB) and the…
Mineralogy and microstructure of the Morasko meteorite crust
Agata Duczma-Czernikiewicz, Danuta Michalska Planetary and Space Science Available online 30 June 2018 LINK “Highlights • Diversity of contact area between the Morasko meteorite fragment (IAB) and its outer zone – bearing traces of the…
Carbonaceous and noncarbonaceous iron meteorites: Differences in chemical, physical, and collective properties
Alan E. Rubin Meteorit Planet Sci. . doi:10.1111/maps.13128 LINK “Iron‐meteorite groups that appear from published isotopic data to have been derived from melted carbonaceous‐chondrite‐like precursors (CC irons) (IIC, IID, IIF, IIIF, IVB) tend to have…
Cation distribution in orthopyroxenes from São João Nepomuceno iron meteorite inferred from 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy: Implications for thermal history and origin of IVA parent body
Edivaldo Dos Santos, Rosa B. Scorzelli, Maria E. Varela Meteorit Planet Sci. . doi:10.1111/maps.13121 LINK “São João Nepomuceno (SJN) is an IVA iron meteorite, found in Minas Gerais state (Brazil) in 1960, that consists of…
Oxidized conditions in iron meteorite parent bodies
P. Bonnand & A. N. Halliday Nature Geoscience (2018) doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0128-2 Published: 07 May 2018 LINK “Magmatic iron meteorites are thought to originate from the cores of differentiated planetary embryos, but it is unclear where they…
Iron meteorite bulk densities determined via 3‐D laser imaging
C. Fry, C. Samson, P. J. A. McCausland, M. Ralchenko, T. K. McLeod Meteoritics & Planetary Science First published: 24 March 2018 https://doi.org/10.1111/maps.13067 LINK “This study tested the feasibility of using 3‐D laser imaging to…
Microstructural and Paleomagnetic Insight into the Cooling History of the IAB Parent Body
Claire I.O. Nichols, Robert Krakow, Julia Herrero-Albillos, Florian Kronast, Geraint Northwood-Smitha, Richard J. Harrisona Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 15 March 2018 LINK “The IABs represent one of only two…
Uranium isotope ratios of Muonionalusta troilite and complications for the absolute age of the IVA iron meteorite core
Gregory A. Brennecka, Yuri Amelin, Thorsten Kleine Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 490, 15 May 2018, Pages 1–10 LINK “Highlights • Muonionalusta troilite exhibits a range of measured 238U/235U values. • Variable 238U/235U greatly…
Trace Element Composition and Classification of the Chinga Iron Meteorite
K.D. Litasov, A. Ishikawa, I.S. Bazhan, D.S. Ponomarev, T. Hirata, N.M. Podgornykh, N.P. Pokhilenko Doklady Earth Sciences January 2018, Volume 478, Issue 1, pp 62–66 LINK “A complete microelement analysis of the Chinga meteorite was…
Altaite (PbTe) in the Maslyanino Iron Meteorite with Silicate Inclusions
K. D. Litasov, D. S. Ponomarev, I. S. Bazhan, A. Ishikawa, N. M. Podgornykh, N. P. Pokhilenko Doklady Earth Sciences January 2018, Volume 478, Issue 1, pp 79–81 LINK “Data are presented on the discovery…
Genealogy of IVA Iron and Pallasite Meteorites: The Implications for Planestimal Differentiation Processes in the Early Solar System
M. E. Sanborn, Q.-Z. Yin, K. Ziegler 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2018), Abstract #1780 abstract
Indigenous Amino Acids in Iron Meteorites
J. E. Elsila, J. P. Dworkin, D. P. Glavin, N. M. Johnson 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2018), Abstract #1520 abstract
Mineralogy of silicate inclusions in the Elga IIE iron meteorite
S. N. Teplyakova, C. A. Lorenz, M. A. Ivanova, N. N. Kononkova, M. O. Anosova, K. M. Ryazantsev, Yu. A. Kostitsyn Geochemistry International January 2018, Volume 56, Issue 1, pp 1–23 LINK Original Russian Text…
Multi‐stage core formation in planetesimals revealed by numerical modeling and Hf‐W chronometry of iron meteorites
W. Neumann, T. S. Kruijer, D. Breuer, T. Kleine J. Geophys. Res., 123, doi:10.1002/2017JE005411 LINK “Iron meteorites provide some of the most direct insights into the processes and timescales of core formation in planetesimals. Of…
Ruthenium isotope fractionation in protoplanetary coresOPEN ACCESS
T. Hopp, M. Fischer-Gödde, T. Kleine Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 5 December 2017 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Mass-dependent Ru isotope variations (δ102/99Ru) and Ru concentrations were determined for 35 magmatic…
Aeolis Mons and Aeolis Palus meteorites on Mars registered in Meteoritical Bulletin Database
Aeolis Mons 001 -4.70156176, 137.3560462 Mars Find: 2016 Oct 30 Classification: Iron meteorite History: The MSL rover Curiosity observed a very small rock informally named Egg Rock (Henceforth Aeolis Mons 001), on sol 1505. The…
Silicate Earth’s missing niobium may have been sequestered into asteroidal cores
Carsten Münker, Raúl O. C. Fonseca & Toni Schulz Nature Geoscience doi:10.1038/ngeo3048 LINK “Geochemical models describing the behaviour of niobium during Earth’s growth rely on the general paradigm that niobium was delivered by Earth’s asteroidal…
Atom-probe tomography and transmission electron microscopy of the kamacite–taenite interface in the fast-cooled Bristol IVA iron meteorite.
Rout, S. S., Heck, P. R., Isheim, D., Stephan, T., Zaluzec, N. J., Miller, D. J., Davis, A. M. and Seidman, D. N. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12988 LINK “We report the first combined…
‘Lieksa’ (prov.) meteorites (IAB) ?
Last update: 7 July 2018 Finnish Geologian tutkimuskeskus (GTK) announced the finding of a 238.3-gram iron meteorite (possibly IAB-ung. or IAB (not official), 66 x 60 x 30 mm) by Pekka Vallimies on 30 May…
Pd-Ag chronometry of IVA iron meteorites and the crystallization and cooling of a protoplanetary core
M. Matthes, M. Fischer-Gödde, T.S. Kruijer, T. Kleine Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 7 September 2017 LINK “To constrain the timescales and processes involved in the crystallization and cooling of…
Trace element inventory of meteoritic Ca-phosphates
Dustin Ward, Addi Bischoff, Julia Roszjar, Jasper Berndt, Martin J. Whitehouse American Mineralogist 10.2138/am-2017-6056 First Published on September 05, 2017 LINK “Most extraterrestrial samples feature the two accessory Ca-phosphates (apatite-group minerals and merrillite), which are…
Castelvecchio and Castiglione del Lago: Two new Italian iron meteorites
V. Moggi Cecchi, G. Pratesi, S. Caporali, C. D. K. Herd, G. Chen The European Physical Journal Plus August 2017, 132:359 LINK “Until 2016 only 38 Italian meteorites have been classified and published on the…
Thermal equilibration of iron meteorite and pallasite parent bodies recorded at the mineral scale by Fe and Ni isotope systematics
Stepan M. Chernonozhkin, Mona Weyrauch, Steven Goderis, Martin Oeser, Seann J. McKibbin, Ingo Horn, Lutz Hecht, Stefan Weyer, Philippe Claeys, Frank Vanhaecke Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 19 August 2017…
On a Novel Geometric Analysis of the Bacubirito Meteorite
E. Terán-Bobadilla, J. H. Abundis-Patiño, C. Añorve, C. R. Moraila, F. Ortega-Gutiérrez, M. A. Aragón-Calvo Earth, Moon, and Planets pp 1–11 First Online: 31 July 2017 LINK “Tridimensional model with large level of detail and…
The cosmic-ray exposure history of the Twannberg iron meteorite (IIG)
Smith, T., Hofmann, B. A., Leya, I., Merchel, S., Pavetich, S., Rugel, G. and Scharf, A. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12928 LINK “The Twannberg iron meteorite is one out of only six members of…
The preservation of the Agoudal impact crater, Morocco, under a landslide: Indication of a genetic link between shatter cones and meteorite fragments
Hassane Nachit, El Hassan Abia, Costanza Bonadiman, Mario Di Martino, Carmela Vaccaro Geomorphology, Volume 295, 15 October 2017, Pages 76-83 Review Article LINK “Geological studies and tomographic profiles of a locality nearby the Agoudal village…
Nucleosynthetic molybdenum isotope anomalies in iron meteorites – new evidence for thermal processing of solar nebula materialOPEN ACCESS
Graeme M. Poole, Mark Rehkämper, Barry J. Coles, Tatiana Goldberg, Caroline L. Smith Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 20 June 2017 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Highlights •…
Age of Jupiter inferred from the distinct genetics and formation times of meteorites
Thomas S. Kruijer, Christoph Burkhardt, Gerrit Budde, and Thorsten Kleine PNAS2017 ; published ahead of print June 12, 2017, doi:10.1073/pnas.1704461114 LINK “The age of Jupiter, the largest planet in our Solar System, is still unknown….
Paleomagnetic evidence for dynamo activity driven by inward crystallisation of a metallic asteroidOPEN ACCESS
James F.J. Bryson, Benjamin P. Weiss, Richard J. Harrison, Julia Herrero-Albillos, Florian Kronast Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 472, 15 August 2017, Pages 152–163 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “Highlights • We measured…
Platinum isotopes in iron meteorites: galactic cosmic ray effects and nucleosynthetic homogeneity in the p-process isotope 190Pt and the other Platinum isotopes
Alison C. Hunt, Mattias Ek, Maria Schönbächler Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 May 2017 LINK “Platinum isotopes are sensitive to the effects of galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which can…
Reconstruction of the Morasko meteoroid impact—Insight from numerical modeling.
Bronikowska, M., Artemieva, N. A. and Wünnemann, K. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12882 LINK “The Morasko strewn field located near Poznań, Poland comprises seven impact craters with diameters ranging from 20 to 90 m,…
Characterizing cosmochemical materials with genetic affinities to the Earth: Genetic and chronological diversity within the IAB iron meteorite complex
Emily A. Worsham, Katherine R. Bermingham, Richard J. Walker Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof Available online 11 April 2017 LINK “Highlights • Some IAB subgroups are the closest genetic relations to…
A high spatial resolution synchrotron Mössbauer study of the Tazewell IIICD and Esquel pallasite meteorites.OPEN ACCESS
Blukis, R., Rüffer, R., Chumakov, A. I. and Harrison, R. J. Meteorit Planet Sci. doi:10.1111/maps.12841 Version of Record online: 15 MAR 2017 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Metallic phases in the Tazewell IIICD iron…
A Gibeon meteorite yields a high-performance water oxidation electrocatalystOPEN ACCESS
Florian Le Formal, Néstor Guijarro, Wiktor S. Bourée, Aswin Gopakumar, Mathieu S. Prévot, Albert Daubry, Loris Lombardo, Charlotte Sornay, Julie Voit, Arnaud Magrez, Paul J. Dyson and Kevin Sivula Energy Environ. Sci., 2016,9, 3448-3455 First…
Ablation of small iron meteoroids – first results
David Čapek, Jiří Borovička Planetary and Space Science In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 8 March 2017 LINK “A population of faint meteors with low velocities, and low beginning heights have been described by Borovička…
Meteoritic Component in Melt Rocks from the Boltysh (Ukraine) and Lonar (India) Impact Structures: First Assessment
C. Koeberl, B. Mougel, F. Moynier 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1331 LINK
Oxygen Isotopes of Chromite in IVB Iron Meteorites: Relationships to Other Meteorite Groups and Implications for Formation
C. M. Corrigan, T. J. McCoy, K. Nagashima 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #2556 PDF
First British meteorite search expedition to Antarctica in 2019/20 – Searching for iron meteorites
Last update: 28 March 2018 A first British meteorite expedition to Antarctica to locate subsurface iron meteorites in 2019/20 is being planned. The expedition of a University of Manchester multidisciplinary research team is operationally and…
Remnants of altered meteorite in the Cretaceous-Paleogene clay boundary in Poland
Krzysztof Szopa, Tomasz Brachaniec, Łukasz Karwowski and Tomasz Krzykawski Meteoritics & Planetary Science 27 JAN 2017 | DOI: 10.1111/maps.12815 LINK “Fossil iron meteorites are extremely rare in the geological sedimentary record. The paleometeorite described here…
Ion Microprobe Analyses of Carbon in Fe-Ni Metal in Iron Meteorites and Mesosiderites
Joseph I. Goldstein, Gary R. Huss, Edward R.D. Scott Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 28 December 2016 LINK “Carbon concentrations in kamacite, taenite, and plessite (kamacite-taenite intergrowths) were measured in…
Tungsten stable isotope compositions of terrestrial samples and meteorites determined by double spike MC-ICPMS
Nadine Krabbe, Thomas S. Kruijer, Thorsten Kleine Chemical Geology In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 23 December 2016 LINK “Tungsten stable isotopes hold great potential to examine a variety of physical and chemical processes operating…
