Neodymium isotope heterogeneity of ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites and the origin of non-chondritic 142Nd compositions in the Earth
Ryota Fukai, Tetsuya Yokoyama Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 474, 15 September 2017, Pages 206–214 LINK “Highlights • Ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites possess non-radiogenic Nd isotope anomalies. • Nd isotope variability was caused by…
Petrography, classification, oxygen isotopes, noble gases, and cosmogenic records of Kamargaon (L6) meteorite: The latest fall in India.OPEN ACCESS
Ray, D., Mahajan, R. R., Shukla, A. D., Goswami, T. K. and Chakraborty, S. Meteorit Planet Sci. doi:10.1111/maps.12875 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “A single piece of meteorite fell on Kamargaon village in the…
Petrogenesis of Miller Range 07273, a new type of anomalous melt breccia: Implications for impact effects on the H chondrite asteroid.
Ruzicka, A. M., Hutson, M., Friedrich, J. M., Rivers, M. L., Weisberg, M. K., Ebel, D. S., Ziegler, K., Rumble, D. and Dolan, A. A. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12901 LINK “Miller Range 07273…
Determination of the equilibrium fO2 in bulk samples of H, L, and LL ordinary chondrites by solid-state electrochemistry
Osadchii, V. O., Fedkin, M. V. and Osadchii, E. G. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12919 LINK “High-temperature solid-state electrochemistry techniques (EMF method) were used to measure the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the ordinary chondrites…
Titanium Stable Isotopic Variations in Chondrites, Achondrites and Lunar Rocks
Nicolas D. Greber, Nicolas Dauphas, Igor S. Puchtel, Beda A. Hofmann, Nicholas T. Arndt Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 30 June 2017 LINK “Titanium isotopes are potential tracers of processes…
Geochemical and oxygen isotope perspective of a new R chondrite Dhofar 1671: Affinity with ordinary chondrites.
Ali, A., Nasir, S. J., Jabeen, I., Al Rawas, A., Banerjee, N. R. and Osinski, G. R. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12903 LINK “Dhofar 1671 is a relatively new meteorite that previous studies suggest…
Meteorite fall in Broek in Waterland, Waterland, Netherlands, at 5.09.39 p.m. (4.09.39 p.m. UTC) on 11 January 2017
Last update: 3 August 2017 According to Naturalis Biodiversity Center’s press release from 26 June 2017 the meteorite (530 g, L6,S3,W0 ~ 9.1 x 8.7 x 5.6 (max.) cm) hit a barn in the residential…
The role of phosphates for the Lu–Hf chronology of meteoritesOPEN ACCESS
Vinciane Debaille, James Van Orman, Qing-Zhu Yin, Yuri Amelin Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 473, 1 September 2017, Pages 52-61 LINK “Highlights: • Preferential diffusion of Lu over Hf from phosphate can disturb Lu–Hf…
Rubidium isotopic composition of the Earth, meteorites, and the Moon: Evidence for the origin of volatile loss during planetary accretionOPEN ACCESS
Emily A. Pringle, Frédéric Moynier Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 473, 1 September 2017, Pages 62-70 LINK “Highlights • We measured high-precision stable Rb isotope ratios in terrestrial samples, chondrites, HED meteorites, and lunar…
In situ 60Fe-60Ni Systematics of Chondrules from Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites
Myriam Telus, Gary R. Huss, Kazuhide Nagashima, Ryan C. Ogliore, Shogo Tachibana Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 12 June 2017 LINK “The initial 60Fe/56Fe ratio of chondrules from unequilibrated ordinary…
Petrology, Mineralogy and In Situ U-Pb Dating of Northwest Africa 11042
Wu Y. * Hsu W. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6190] abstract (PDF) “NWA 11042 was classified as a unique achondrite. Its mineralogy and petrology resemble those of martian meteorites, but the…
Primitive Achondrite Northwest Africa 11042: Melting of the L Chondrite Parent Body
Vaci Z. * Agee C. B. Ziegler K. Polyak V. J. Humayun M. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6161] abstract (PDF) “NWA 11042 is an igneous primitive achondrite whose oxygen isotopes plot…
Accretion and Disruption Histories of the Ordinary Chondrite Parent Bodies
Edwards G. H. * Blackburn T. Alexander C. M. O’D. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6367] abstract (PDF) “Discrepant Pb-Pb phosphate ages and Ni-metal metallographic cooling rates for ordinary chondrites may be…
Formation Mechanism of Iron-Rich Olivine: Experimental Constrains into Early Fluid-Assisted Hydration and Dehydration Processes on Asteroids
Dobricǎ E. * Nuth J. A. Brearley A. J. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6342] abstract (PDF) “We performed three new experiments in an attempt to synthesize FeO-rich olivine. This study shows…
Fall and Recovery of the Dingle Dell Meteorite
Devillepoix H. A. R. Bland P. A. Towner M. C. Sansom E. K. Howie R. M. Cupak M. Benedix G. K. Jansen-Sturgeon T. Hartig B. A. D. Cox M. A. Paxman J. P. 80th Annual…
Chondrule Oxygen Isotope Systematics in Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrites: Insights into Their Nebular Reservoir
Baeza L. Ireland T. R. Ávila J. N. Mallmann G. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6166] abstract (PDF) “Ordinary chondrites (OCs) have distinct bulk O-isotope composition. The range of chondrule O-isotope composition…
Dingle Dell Density and Other Physical Properties
Macke R. J. Benedix G. K. Bland P. A. Desert Fireball Network Team 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6197] abstract “We measure density, porosity, and magnetic susceptibility of the Dingle Dell meteorite…
26Al Isotope in Pultusk Meteorite Fragments
Tymiński Z. Krzesińska A. M. Burakowska A. Stępisiewicz M. Tymińska K. Dziel T. Olech A. Żołądek P. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6278] abstract “Low deviations in 26Al distribution between analysed Pultusk…
50Ti Evidence for Different Refractory Precursors in Chondrules
Ebert S. Render J. Brennecka G. A. Burkhardt C. Bischoff A. Kleine T. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6255] abstract “Different refractory precursors in chondrules are necessary to explain the different 50Ti…
Mineralogy, Petrology and Chronology of the Dingle Dell Meteorite
Benedix G. K. * Forman L. V. Daly L. Godel B. Esteban L. Meier M. M. M. Maden C. Busemann H. Yin Q.-Z. Sanborn M. Ziegler K. Friedrich J. M. Strasser J. W. Welten K….
Mean Atomic Weight of Braunschweig Meteorite
Szurgot M., Wach R. A., Bartoschewitz R. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 [#6002] abstract “Mean atomic weight Amean, and atomic number of Braunschweig meteorite were determined and analyzed. Classification of Braunschweig, as…
Modification of REE distribution of ordinary chondrites from Atacama (Chile) and Lut (Iran) hot deserts: Insights into the chemical weathering of meteorites.
Pourkhorsandi, H., D’Orazio, M., Rochette, P., Valenzuela, M., Gattacceca, J., Mirnejad, H., Sutter, B., Hutzler, A. and Aboulahris, M. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12894 First published: 2 June 2017 LINK “The behavior of rare…
Majorite-olivine–high-Ca pyroxene assemblage in the shock-melt veins of Pervomaisky L6 chondrite
Ivan S. Bazhan, Konstantin D. Litasov, Eiji Ohtani, Shin Ozawa American Mineralogist, v. 102, i. 6, p. 1279-1286, First Published on June 01, 2017, doi:10.2138/am-2017-5892 LINK “High-pressure minerals—majorite-pyrope garnet and jadeite—were found in the Pervomaisky…
Shock-induced P-T conditions and formation mechanism of akimotoite-pyroxene glass assemblages in the Grove Mountains (GRV) 052082 (L6) meteorite
Lu Feng, Masaaki Miyahara, Toshiro Nagase, Eiji Ohtani, Sen Hu, Ahmed El Goresy, Yangting Lin American Mineralogist, v. 102, i. 6, p. 1254-1262, First Published on June 01, 2017, doi:10.2138/am-2017-5905 LINK “Akimotoite [(Mg,Fe)SiO3-ilmenite] was encountered…
Probing the early stages of shock-induced chondritic meteorite formation at the mesoscaleOPEN ACCESS
Michael E. Rutherford, David J. Chapman, James G. Derrick, Jack R. W. Patten, Philip A. Bland, Alexander Rack, Gareth S. Collins & Daniel E. Eakins Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 45206 (2017) doi:10.1038/srep45206 Published online:…
3D shape of asteroid (6)~Hebe from VLT/SPHERE imaging: Implications for the origin of ordinary H chondritesOPEN ACCESS
M. Marsset, B. Carry, C. Dumas, J. Hanus, M. Viikinkoski, P. Vernazza, T. G. Müller, M. Delbo, E. Jehin, M. Gillon, J. Grice, B. Yang, T. Fusco, J. Berthier, S. Sonnett, F. Kugel, J. Caron,…
The Stubenberg meteorite—An LL6 chondrite fragmental breccia recovered soon after precise prediction of the strewn field.
Bischoff, A., Barrat, J.-A., Bauer, K., Burkhardt, C., Busemann, H., Ebert, S., Gonsior, M., Hakenmüller, J., Haloda, J., Harries, D., Heinlein, D., Hiesinger, H., Hochleitner, R., Hoffmann, V., Kaliwoda, M., Laubenstein, M., Maden, C., Meier,…
Três Irmãos – meteorite fall in Água Branca, Palmas de Monte Alto, Bahia, Brazil at ~11:20 a.m. (14:20 UTC) on 26 May 2017
Last update: 16 August 2017 The Três Irmãos meteorite (9 cm (length), 5 cm (height), 6 cm (width), an ordinary chondrite (L6, S3, W0) weighing about 950 grams was found by Sirlene da Silva Paes…
Dishchii’bikoh Ts’iłsǫǫsé Tsee (Cibecue Star Stone) officially registered as witnessed fall (LL7, S3, W0)
Dishchii’bikoh has been officially registered as witnessed fall Dishchii’bikoh is Apache for Cibecue. The meteorite’s full name is Dishchii’bikoh Ts’iłsǫǫsé Tsee ♫ (Cibecue Star Stone). Interview with Laurence Garvie (kjzz, 31 May 2017) AUDIO (MP3)…
Silver contents and Cu/Ag ratios in Martian meteorites and the implications for planetary differentiation
Zaicong Wang, Harry Becker Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 21 May 2017 LINK “Silver and Cu show very similar partitioning behavior in sulfide melt-silicate melt and metal-silicate systems at low…
The Bulk Valence State of Fe and the Origin of Water in Chondrites
S. Sutton, C.M.O’D. Alexander, A. Bryant, A. Lanzirotti, M. Newville, E.A. Cloutis Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 19 May 2017 LINK “There is abundant petrologic evidence for the oxidation of…
Mixing and transport of dust in the early solar nebula as inferred from titanium isotope variations among chondrulesOPEN ACCESS
Simone Gerber, Christoph Burkhardt, Gerrit Budde, Knut Metzler, Thorsten Kleine accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, May 10, 2017 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) Update (22 May 2017): LINK “Chondrules formed by the melting of…
Thermoluminescence characteristics of a chondrite (Holbrook) and an aubrite achondrite (Norton County) meteorites
Lily Bossin, Nikolaos A. Kazakis, George Kitis, Nestor C. Tsirliganis Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 127, September 2017, Pages 26-34 LINK “Highlights • TL properties of two meteorites, Norton County and Holbrook, are investigated. •…
Shocked chromites in fossil L chondrites: A Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy study.
Rout, S. S., Heck, P. R., Zaluzec, N. J., Ishii, T., Wen, J., Miller, D. J. and Schmitz, B. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12887 LINK “Chromites from Middle Ordovician fossil L chondrites and from…
Meteorite falls in Bulgaria: Reappraisal of mineralogy, chemistry, and classification.
Dekov, V., Rochette, P. and Gattacceca, J. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12879 LINK “We present a summary of the mineralogy, mineral chemistry, and magnetic characteristics of all the five Bulgarian meteorite falls. We report…
AIQUILE (H5, S3,W0) registered as confirmed fall in Meteoritical Bulletin Database
LINK More information on this fall can be found HERE “Aiquile 18°17’4″S, 65°8’39″W Cochabamba, Bolivia Confirmed fall: 2016 Nov 20 Classification: Ordinary chondrite (H5) History: A bright fireball appeared over Aiquile, Cochabamba district of Bolivia,…
Park Forest (L5) and the asteroidal source of shocked L chondrites.
Meier, M. M. M., Welten, K. C., Riebe, M. E. I., Caffee, M. W., Gritsevich, M., Maden, C. and Busemann, H. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12874 LINK “The Park Forest (L5) meteorite fell in…
Annama H chondrite—Mineralogy, physical properties, cosmic ray exposure, and parent body history.OPEN ACCESS
Kohout, T., Haloda, J., Halodová, P., Meier, M. M. M., Maden, C., Busemann, H., Laubenstein, M., Caffee, Marc. W., Welten, K. C., Hopp, J., Trieloff, M., Mahajan, R. R., Naik, S., Trigo-Rodriguez, J. M., Moyano-Cambero,…
Neon produced by solar cosmic rays in ordinary chondrites.
Roth, A. S. G., Trappitsch, R., Metzler, K., Hofmann, B. A. and Leya, I. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. DOI: 10.1111/maps.12868 update (28 March 20017): LINK “”Solar-cosmic-ray-produced Ne (SCR-Ne), in the form of low cosmogenic 21Ne/22Ne…
A gamma-ray spectroscopy survey of Omani meteorites.OPEN ACCESS
Weber, P., Hofmann, B. A., Tolba, T. and Vuilleumier, J.-L. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12847 LINK Update (31 May 2017): PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The gamma-ray activities of 33 meteorite samples (30 ordinary chondrites, 1…
Experimental Simulation of Meteorite Ablation during Earth Entry Using a Plasma Wind Tunnel
Stefan Loehle, Fabian Zander, Tobias Hermann, Martin Eberhart, Arne Meindl, Rainer Oefele, Jeremie Vaubaillon, Francois Colas, Pierre Vernazza, Alexis Drouard, and Jerome Gattacceca The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 837, Number 2 Published 2017 March 8 LINK…
Dingle Dell (LL6, S2, W0) registered as confirmed fall
More information on this fall can be found HERE [wc_row][wc_column size=”one-half” position=”first”] [/wc_column][wc_column size=”one-half” position=”last”] [/wc_column][/wc_row] [wc_row][wc_column size=”one-half” position=”first”] [/wc_column][wc_column size=”one-half” position=”last”] [/wc_column][/wc_row] ” Dingle Dell -29.20608 S, 116.21547 E Western Australia, Australia Confirmed fall:…
Petrology, mineralogy, porosity, and cosmic-ray exposure history of Huaxi ordinary chondrite
Li, S., Wang, S., Leya, I., Li, Y., Li, X. and Smith, T. Meteoritics & Planetary Science doi: 10.1111/maps.12842 Version of Record online: 28 FEB 2017 LINK “A meteorite fall was heard and collected on…
Degtevo (H5) registered as confirmed fall
Degtevo / Дёгтево (H5,S2,W0) is registered as confirmed fall in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database LINK “Degtevo 49°09.6’N, 40°39.7’E Rostovskaya oblast’, Russia Confirmed fall: 20 March 2016 Classification: Ordinary chondrite (H5) History: Imamkulov Toir Mamazoirovich was…
San Pedro de Urabá – Fall on 16 February 2017 (~5.30 p.m.) in San Pedro de Urabá, Turbo, Urabá, Antioquia, Colombia
Last update: 8 June 2018 Meteorite fall in the afternoon (~ 5.30 p.m.) of 16 February 2017 in San Pedro de Urabá, in the municipality of Turbo, Urabá, Antioquia, Colombia. The meteorite, an ordinary chondrite…
Discovery of the Fe-analogue of akimotoite in the shocked Suizhou L6 chondriteOPEN ACCESS
Luca Bindi, Ming Chen & Xiande Xie Scientific Reports 7, Article number: 42674 (2017) doi:10.1038/srep42674 Published online: 15 February 2017 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “We report the first natural occurrence of the Fe-analogue of akimotoite, ilmenite-structured…
Spinel-Bearing, Al-Rich Chondrules in the Unequilibrated Ordinary Chondrite NWA 7402
D. K. Ross, J. I. Simon, M. J. Cato 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1616 LINK
Late Eocene 3He and Ir anomalies associated with ordinary chondritic spinelsOPEN ACCESS
Samuele Boschi, Birger Schmitz, Philipp R. Heck, Anders Cronholm, Céline Defouilloy, Noriko T. Kita, Simonetta Monechi, Alessandro Montanari, Surya S. Rout, Fredrik Terfelt Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 3 February…
Live(?) 60Fe During Aqueous Alteration of Chondrite Parent Bodies: Evidence from UOCs and CV Chondrites
P. H. Donohue, G. R. Huss, K. Nagashima, M. Telus 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #2307 LINK
Hypervelocity Impact Cratering and Disruption of the CV3 Carbonaceous Chondrite Northwest Africa 4502 and the Saratov Ordinary Chondrite
G. J. Flynn, D. D. Durda, S. J. Jack, M. J. Molesky, M. M. Strait, R. J. Macke 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1058 LINK
Raman Spectroscopy of Kamargaon L6 Ordinary Chondrite
B. J. Saikia, G. Parthasarathy, R. R. Borah 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1979 PDF
Novosibirsk Meteorite: An FeNi-Rich, Highly Shocked H5 Ordinary Chondrite
L. E. McGraw, M. M. Jean, J. Emery, N. M. Podgornykh, L. A. Taylor 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #2460 PDF
First Meteorites from a Russian Antarctic Expedition
C. A. Lorenz, M. A. Ivanova, N. G. Zinovieva, N. N. Kononkova, G. A. Yakovlev, E. V. Petrova, R. F. Muftakhetdinova, M. Yu. Larionov, V. I. Grokhovsky 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract…
Examination of Multiple Lithologies Within the Primitive Ordinary Chondrite NWA 5717
M. J. Cato, J. I. Simon, D. K. Ross, R. V. Morris 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2017), Abstract #1687 PDF
Origin of highly siderophile and chalcogen element fractionations in the components of unequilibrated H and LL chondrites
Yogita Kadlag, Harry Becker Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 January 2017 LINK “Osmium isotopic compositions, abundances of highly siderophile elements (HSE: platinum group elements, Re and Au), the…
The nature, origin and modification of insoluble organic matter in chondrites, the major source of Earth’s C and N
C.M.O’D. Alexander, G.D. Cody, B.T. De Gregorio, L.R. Nittler, R.M. Stroud Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry review article In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 26 January 2017 LINK “All chondrites accreted ∼3.5 wt.% C in…
Diffusion of Oxygen Isotopes in Thermally Evolving Planetesimals and Size Ranges of Presolar Silicate GrainsOPEN ACCESS
S. Wakita, T. Nozawa, Y. Hasegawa accepted for publication in ApJ PDF (OPEN ACCESS) Update (13 February 2017): LINK “Presolar grains are small particles found in meteorites through their isotopic compositions which are considerably different…
Refined Ordovician timescale reveals no link between asteroid breakup and biodiversificationOPEN ACCESS
A. Lindskog, M. M. Costa, C.M.Ø. Rasmussen, J. N. Connelly & M. E. Eriksson Nature Communications 8, Article number: 14066 (2017) doi:10.1038/ncomms14066 Published online: 24 January 2017 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) “The high…
Rare meteorites common in the Ordovician periodOPEN ACCESS
Philipp R. Heck, Birger Schmitz, William F. Bottke, Surya S. Rout, Noriko T. Kita, Anders Cronholm, Céline Defouilloy, Andrei Dronov & Fredrik Terfelt Nature Astronomy 1 Article number: 0035 (2017) doi:10.1038/s41550-016-0035 Published online: 23 January…
Asteroid 2008 TC3 Breakup and Meteorite Fractions
Goodrich, C.; Jenniskens, P.; Shaddad, M. H.; Zolensky; M. E.; Fioretti, A. M. JSC-CN-38419, Conference Paper Asteroid Comets and Meteors Conference (ACM 2017); 10-14 Apr. 2017; Montevideo; Uruguay abstract “The recovery of meteorites from the…
Determination of elemental content in the Rumanová, Uhrovec, Veľké Borové, Košice and Chelyabinsk chondrites by instrumental neutron activation analysis
Jakub Kaizer, Jan Kučera, Jan Kameník, Vladimir Porubčan, Pavel P. Povinec Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry First Online:09 January 2017 DOI: 10.1007/s10967-017-5168-3 LINK “Chondrites are the most frequently studied extraterrestrial material. We present new…
Effect of NaCrSi2O6 component on Lindsley’s pyroxene thermometer: An evaluation based on strongly metamorphosed LL chondrites.
Nakamuta, Y., Urata, K., Shibata, Y. and Kuwahara, Y. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12808 LINK “In Lindsley’s thermometry, a revised sequence of calculation of components is proposed for clinopyroxene, in which kosmochlor component is…
Tungsten stable isotope compositions of terrestrial samples and meteorites determined by double spike MC-ICPMS
Nadine Krabbe, Thomas S. Kruijer, Thorsten Kleine Chemical Geology In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 23 December 2016 LINK “Tungsten stable isotopes hold great potential to examine a variety of physical and chemical processes operating…
Nanoindenting the Chelyabinsk meteorite to learn about impact deflection effects in asteroidsOPEN ACCESS
Carles E. Moyano-Cambero, Eva Pellicer, Josep M. Trigo-Rodríguez, Iwan P. Williams, Jürgen Blum, Patrick Michel, Michael Küppers, Marina Martínez-Jiménez, Ivan Lloro, Jordi Sort Astrophysical Journal (2017) PDF (OPEN ACCESS) abstract Update (24 January 2017): LINK…
An 57Fe Mössbauer study of the ordinary chondrite meteorite Lynch 001
Nancy N. Elewa, J. M. Cadogan Hyperfine Interactions (2016) First Online: 12 December 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s10751-016-1350-1 This article is part of the Topical Collection on Proceedings of the International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and their…
The accretion and impact history of the ordinary chondrite parent bodies
Terrence Blackburn, Conel M. O’D. Alexander, Richard Carlson, Linda T. Elkins-Tanton Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 9 December 2016 LINK “A working timeline for the history of ordinary chondrites includes…
NWA 10214—An LL3 chondrite breccia with an assortment of metamorphosed, shocked, and unique chondrite clasts.
Rubin, A. E., Breen, J. P., Isa, J. and Tutorow, S. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12797 LINK “NWA 10214 is an LL3-6 breccia containing ~8 vol% clasts including LL5, LL6, and shocked-darkened LL fragments…
Natural variations in the rhenium isotopic composition of meteorites.
Liu, R., Hu, L. and Humayun, M. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12803 LINK “Rhenium is an important element with which to test hypotheses of isotope variation. Historically, it has been difficult to precisely correct…
Atmospheric trajectory and heliocentric orbit of the Ejby meteorite fall in Denmark on February 6, 2016
P. Spurný, J. Borovička, G. Baumgarten, H. Haack, D. Heinlein, A.N. Sørensen Planetary and Space Science In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 1 December 2016 LINK “A very bright bolide illuminated the sky over Denmark…
Distribution of p-process 174Hf in early solar system materials and the origin of nucleosynthetic Hf and W isotope anomalies in Ca–Al rich inclusions
Stefan T.M. Peters, Carsten Münker, Markus Pfeifer, Bo-Magnus Elfers, Peter Sprung Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 29 November 2016 LINK “Highlights • Chondrites, eucrites and Earth carry uniform p-process…
Chelyabinsk – a rock with many different (stony) faces: An infrared study
Andreas Morlok, Addi Bischoff, Markus Patzek, Martin Sohn, Harald Hiesinger Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 25 November 2016 LINK “Highlights • We studied 3 lithologies of the Chelyabinsk meteorite in the mid-infrared. •…
AIQUILE – meteorite fall (H5, S3, W0) in Tabla Mayu (Chago K’asa), Panamá, Ch’awar Mayu, Barbechos and Cruz Loma, near AIQUILE, Cochabamba, Bolivia on 20 November 2016, ~9:45-57 p.m. UTC (~5.45-57 p.m. BOT) (UPDT: 21 Apr 2017)
Last update: 21 April 2017 In the evening of November 20, 2016, at ~5.45-57 p.m. local time, three to four detonation sounds were heard by the Quechua villagers in the area around Aiquile in Bolivia’s…
The Braunschweig meteorite − a recent L6 chondrite fall in Germany
Rainer Bartoschewitz, Peter Appel, Jean-Alix Barrat, Addi Bischoff, Marc W. Caffee, Ian A. Franchi, Zelimir Gabelica, Richard C. Greenwood, Mourad Harir, Dennis Harries, Rupert Hochleitner, Jens Hopp, Matthias Laubenstein, Barbara Mader, Rosa Marques, Andreas Morlok,…
Mössbauer spectroscopy of NWA 6286 and NWA 7857 ordinary chondrites
A.A. Maksimova, M.I. Oshtrakh, I. Felner, A.V. Chukin, M.S. Karabanalov, V.A. Semionkin Journal of Molecular Structure, Volume 1140, 15 July 2017, Pages 122-126 LINK “Highlights • Mössbauer spectroscopy of NWA 6286 and NWA 7857 LL6…
Melting and differentiation of early-formed asteroids: The perspective from high precision oxygen isotope studiesOPEN ACCESS
Richard C. Greenwood, Thomas H. Burbine, Martin F. Miller, Ian. A. Franchi Chemie der Erde – Geochemistry Review article In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 14 November 2016 LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “A number of distinct…
Extreme early solar system chemical fractionation recorded by alkali-rich clasts contained in ordinary chondrite breccias
Tatsunori Yokoyama, Keiji Misawa, Osamu Okano, Chi-Yu Shih, Laurence E. Nyquist, Justin I. Simon, Michael J. Tappa, Shigekazu Yoneda Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 11 November 2016 LINK “Highlights…
Hungaria Asteroid Region Telescopic Spectral Survey (HARTSS) I: Stony Asteroids Abundant in the Hungaria Background Population
Michael P. Lucas, Joshua P. Emery, Noemi Pinilla-Alonso, Sean S. Lindsay, Vania Lorenzi Icarus In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 5 November 2016 LINK “Highlights • HARTSS describes taxonomy, mineralogy, and meteorite analogs of Hungaria…
Phosphate minerals in the H group of ordinary chondrites, and fluid activity recorded by apatite heterogeneity in the Zag H3-6 regolith breccia
Rhian H. Jones, Francis M. Mccubbin, Yunbin Guan American Mineralogist, v. 101, i. 11, p. 2452-2467 Published on November 2016, First Published on November 01, 2016, doi:10.2138/am-2016-5728 LINK “Phosphate minerals in ordinary chondrites provide a…
Formation of non-magmatic iron-meteorite group IIE
John T. Wasson Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 29 October 2016 LINK “Instrumental neutron-activation (INAA) data for metal in 22 nonmagmatic IIE meteorites show narrow ranges in Ir and other…
BANMA (L5, S2) officially registered in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database
On 15 October 2016 the meteorite which fell in Banma County, Golog Tibetan Autonomous prefecture, Qinghai province in China on 24 August 2016 at about 21:00 local time was officially registered in the Meteoritical Bulletin…
The global elemental composition of 433 Eros: First results from the NEAR Gamma-Ray Spectrometer orbital dataset
Patrick N. Peplowski Planetary and Space Science In Press, Accepted Manuscript http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2016.10.006 LINK “Highlights • First results from the NEAR GRS orbital investigation • Eros’ surface composition is consistent with ordinary chondrites, enstatite chondrites, and…
Calcium Isotopic Compositions of Chondrites
Shichun Huang, Stein B. Jacobsen Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 4 October 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.09.039 LINK “We report mass-dependent and mass-independent Ca isotopic variations in nine chondrites from three groups: carbonaceous,…
Molybdenum isotopic evidence for the origin of chondrules and a distinct genetic heritage of carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous meteoritesOPEN ACCESS
Gerrit Budde, Christoph Burkhardt, Gregory A. Brennecka, Mario Fischer-Gödde, Thomas S. Kruijer, Thorsten Kleine Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 3 October 2016 PDF (OPEN ACCESS) LINK (OPEN ACCESS) “Nucleosynthetic…
Early 18th century cosmic ray flux inferred from 44Ti in Agen meteorite
Taricco, C., Sinha, N., Bhandari, N. et al. Astrophys Space Sci (2016) 361: 338. doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2909-7 First Online: 26 September 2016 DOI: 10.1007/s10509-016-2909-7 LINK “We report the measurement of radioactivity of cosmogenic 44Ti in Agen meteorite,…
The 57Fe hyperfine interactions in the iron-bearing phases in some LL ordinary chondrites
Oshtrakh, M.I., Maksimova, A.A., Grokhovsky, V.I. et al. Hyperfine Interact (2016) 237: 138. doi:10.1007/s10751-016-1343-0 Proceedings of the International Conference on Hyperfine Interactions and their Applications (HYPERFINE 2016), Leuven, Belgium, 3-8 July 2016 LINK “The study…
Mössbauer spectroscopy of H, L and LL ordinary chondrites
Maksimova, A.A., Oshtrakh, M.I., Petrova, E.V. et al. Hyperfine Interact (2016) 237: 134. doi:10.1007/s10751-016-1344-z This article is part of the Topical Collection on Proceedings of the 2nd Mediterranean Conference on the Applications of the Mössbauer…
Characterization of Carbonaceous Matter in Xenolithic Clasts from the Sharps (H3.4) Meteorite: Constraints on the Origin and Thermal Processing
Yoko Kebukawa, Michael E. Zolensky, Queenie H.S. Chan, Keisuke Nagao, A.L. David Kilcoyne, Robert J. Bodnar, Charles Farley, Zia Rahman, Loan Le, George D. Cody Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online…
A nucleosynthetic origin for the Earth’s anomalous 142Nd composition
C. Burkhardt, L. E. Borg, G. A. Brennecka, Q. R. Shollenberger, N. Dauphas, T. Kleine Nature 537, 394–398 (14 September 2016) | doi:10.1038/nature18956 LINK “A long-standing paradigm assumes that the chemical and isotopic compositions of…
Potassium isotopic evidence for a high-energy giant impact origin of the Moon
Kun Wang, Stein B. Jacobsen Nature doi:10.1038/nature19341 Published online 12 September 2016 LINK “The Earth–Moon system has unique chemical and isotopic signatures compared with other planetary bodies1, 2, 3; any successful model for the origin…
Meteorite fall between BANMA (班玛) and Mǎn Zhǎng Xiāng (满掌乡), in Banma County (班玛县), Golog prefecture, Qinghai province, China at ~ 9 pm local time (UTC+8) on August 24, 2016 (UPDT: 10 Nov 2016)
Last update on November 10, 2016 A meteorite (32 x 23 x 18 cm), ordinary chondrite (L5,S2,W0), weighing 10.05 kg fell about 5 km southeast of Mǎn Zhǎng Xiāng (满掌乡) at location 33°15’11″N, 100°27’54″E in…
Multi-scale three-dimensional characterization of iron particles in dusty olivine: Implications for paleomagnetism of chondritic meteoritesOPEN ACCESS
Joshua F.Einsle, Richard J. Harrison, Takeshi Kasama, Pádraig Ó Conbhuí, Karl Fabian, Wyn Williams, Leonie Woodland, Roger R. Fu, Benjamin P. Weiss, Paul A. Midgley American Mineralogist, v. 101, i. 9, p. 2070-2084, First Published…
EJBY (H5/6, S2, W0) registered in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database
On August 27, 2016 EJBY was officially registered in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database. “Ejby 55°42.02’N, 12°24.33’E Hovedstaden, Denmark Confirmed fall: 2016 Feb 6 Classification: Ordinary chondrite (H5/6) History: (H. Haack, NHMD): A bright fireball was…
Phosphate and feldspar mineralogy of equilibrated L chondrites: The record of metasomatism during metamorphism in ordinary chondrite parent bodies.
Lewis, J. A. and Jones, R. H. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12719 Version of Record online: 22 AUG 2016 LINK “In ordinary chondrites (OCs), phosphates and feldspar are secondary minerals known to be the…
Iron isotope systematics in planetary reservoirs
Paolo A. Sossi, Oliver Nebel, John Foden Earth and Planetary Science Letters In Press, Corrected Proof, Available online 16 August 2016 LINK “Highlights • Constancy of iron isotopes in chondrites implies a homogeneous solar nebula….
Cooling rates of LL, L and H chondrites and constraints on the duration of peak thermal conditions: Diffusion kinetic modeling and implications for fragmentation of Asteroids and impact resetting of petrologic types
Jibamitra Ganguly, Massimiliano Tirone, Kenneth Domanik Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 2 August 2016 LINK “We have carried out detailed thermometric and cooling history studies of several LL-, L- and…
Major elements and noble gases of the Jinju (H5) meteorite, an observed fall on March 9, 2014, in South Korea
Keisuke Nagao, Makiko K. Haba, Jong Ik Lee, Taehoon Kim, Mi Jung Lee, Changkun Park, Yong Joo Jwa, Byeon-Gak Choi GEOCHEMICAL JOURNAL Vol. 50 (2016) No. 4 p. 315-325 Released on J-STAGE 20160731 abstract “The…
Weathering of ordinary chondrites from Oman: Correlation of weathering parameters with 14C terrestrial ages and a refined weathering scale.
Zurfluh, F. J., Hofmann, B. A., Gnos, E., Eggenberger, U. and Jull, A. J. T. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12690 LINK “We have investigated 128 14C-dated ordinary chondrites from Oman for macroscopically visible weathering…
57Fe Mössbauer study of the Chainpur meteorite
Nancy N. Elewa, R. Cobas, J. M. Cadogan Hyperfine Interactions December 2016, 237:107 First online: 20 July 2016 LINK “The Chainpur meteorite is one of 23 ordinary chondrites classified as LL3-type (low-Fe & low-metal). It…
The isotope composition of selenium in chondrites constrains the depletion mechanism of volatile elements in solar system materials
Hauke Vollstaedt, Klaus Mezger, Ingo Leya Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Volume 450, 15 September 2016, Pages 372-380 Available online 15 July 2016 LINK “Highlights • The Se isotope composition of CC, OC, and EC…
Boron abundances and isotopic ratios of olivine grains on Itokawa returned by the Hayabusa spacecraft.
Fujiya, W., Hoppe, P. and Ott, U. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12686 LINK “We report the B abundances and isotopic ratios of two olivine grains from the S-type asteroid Itokawa sampled by the Hayabusa…
The valence and coordination of titanium in ordinary and enstatite chondrites
Steven B. Simon, Stephen R. Sutton, Lawrence Grossman Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 17 June 2016 LINK “One way to better understand processes related to chondrite metamorphism is to evaluate…
LL Chondritic Breccias and their Significance to the Evolution of LL Parent Bodies
Kimura M. * Yamaguchi A. Nagao K. Haba M. K. Chaeys Ph. Debaille V. Pittarello L. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6126 LINK
Evolution of Olivine Composition in the Meteorite Fusion Crust
Pittarello L. * McKibbin S. Debaille V. Claeys Ph. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6061 LINK
Ultrahigh-Resolving Analytics in Meteoritic Soluble Organic Matter
Ruf A. R. Hertkorn N. H. Harir M. H. Kanawati B. K. Lucio M. L. Quirico E. Q. Gabelica Z. G. Gougeon R. G. Schmitt-Kopplin P. S.-K. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016)…
Search for Correlations Between Size and Oxygen Isotopy of OC Chondrules
Metzler K. Pack A. Hezel D. C. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6441 LINK
Evaluating the Evidence for Magnetic Dynamos in Chondritic Parent Bodies
Fu R. R. * Weiss B. P. Krot A. N. Kehayias P. Glenn D. R. Fintor K. Pál-Molnár E. Bryson J. F. J. Walsworth R. L. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6078…
C Chondrite Clasts in H Chondrite Regolith Breccias: Something Different
Zolensky M. * Fries M. Utas J. Chan Q. Kebukawa Y. Steele A. Bodnar R. Ito M. Nakashima D. Nakamura T. Greenwood R. Rahman Z. Le L. Ross D. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical…
New Volatile-Rich Clasts from Brecciated Chondrites and Achondrites
Patzek M. * Ebert S. Bischoff A. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6136 LINK
Fe-57 Mössbauer Study of the Murrili Ordinary Chondrite
Cadogan J. M. Bland P. A. Benedix G. K. Towner M. C. Sansom E. K. Devillepoix H. Howie R. M. Paxman J. P. Cupak M. Cox M. A. Jansen-Sturgeon T. Stuart D. Strangway D. 79th…
Sidi Ali Ou Azza (L4): A New Moroccan Fall
Chennaoui Aoudjehane H. Agee C. B. Aaranson A. Bouragaa 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6120 abstract
Cosmogenic and Trapped Noble Gases from Csátalja H4-5
Pető M. K. Ott U. Lugaro M. Benkó Z. Nagy D. Pécskay Z. 79th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society (2016) #6495 abstract
The Collisional Evolution of Undifferentiated Asteroids and the Formation of Chondritic Meteoroids
E. Beitz, J. Blum, M. G. Parisi, and J. Trigo-Rodriguez The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 824, Number 1 Published 2016 June 3 LINK “Most meteorites are fragments from recent collisions experienced in the asteroid belt. In…
Nanomorphology of Itokawa regolith particles:Application to space-weathering processes affecting the Itokawa asteroid
Toru Matsumoto, Akira Tsuchiama, Kentaro Uesugi, Tsukasa Nakano, Masayuki Uesugi, Junya Matsuno, Takashi Nagano, Akira Shimada, Akihisa Takeuchi, Yoshio Suzuki, Tomoki Nakamura, Michihiko Nakamura, Arnold Gucsik, Keita Nagaki, Tatsuhiro Sakaiya, Tadashi Kondo Geochimica et Cosmochimica…
Photostimulated luminescence applicable to pre-screening of potassium-rich phases in chondritic breccias
Tatsunori Yokoyama, Keiji Misawa, Osamu Okano, Haruka Minowa, Takaaki Fukuoka Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry pp 1-9 First online: 10 May 2016 LINK “The identification of alkali-rich components in extraterrestrial materials along with their…
Cosmic-ray exposure ages of chondrules.
Roth, A. S. G., Metzler, K., Baumgartner, L. P. and Leya, I. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12658 Article first published online: 9 MAY 2016 LINK “If chondrules were exposed to cosmic rays prior to…
Generating potassium abundance variations in the Solar Nebula
Alexander Hubbard Accepted for publication, ApJ PDF (open access) abstract “An intriguing aspect of chondritic meteorites is that they are complementary: while their separate components have wildly varying abundances, bulk chondrites have nearly solar composition….
The Gao-Guenie impact melt breccia—Sampling a rapidly cooled impact melt dike on an H chondrite asteroid?.
Schmieder, M., Kring, D. A., Swindle, T. D., Bond, J. C. and Moore, C. B. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12642 LINK “The Gao-Guenie H5 chondrite that fell on Burkina Faso (March 1960) has portions…
Electrical properties and porosity of the first meter of the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. As constrained by the Permittivity Probe SESAME-PP/Philae/Rosetta
Anthony Lethuillier, Alice Le Gall, Michel Hamelin, Walter Schmidt, Klaus J. Seidensticker, Réjean Grard, Valérie Ciarletti, Sylvain Caujolle-Bert, Hans-Herbert Fischer, Roland Trautner Accepted in Astronomy and Astrophysics PDF (open access) abstract “Comets are primitive objects,…
Comparison of iron-bearing minerals in ordinary chondrites from H, L and LL groups using Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution
A.A. Maksimova, M.I. Oshtrakh, E.V. Petrova, V.I. Grokhovsky, V.A. Semionkin Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy Volume 172, 5 February 2017, Pages 65-76 LINK “Ordinary chondrites from H, L and LL groups were…
Mesoscale Modeling of Impact Compaction of Primitive Solar System Solids
Thomas M. Davison, Gareth S. Collins, and Philip A. Bland The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 821, Number 1 Published 2016 April 11 LINK “We have developed a method for simulating the mesoscale compaction of early solar…
Komar Gaon (L6) is officially registered
Komar Gaon is officially registered in the Meteoritical Bulletin Database Komar Gaon “Komar Gaon 26°37’56.9884″N, 93°46’11.5115″E Assam, India Confirmed fall: 13 Nov 2015 Classification: Ordinary chondrite (L6) History: On November 13, 2015, at 12:00 pm…
El Médano 301 classified as ‘ungrouped chondrite’
El Médano 301 classified as ungrouped chondrite with affinities to NWA 7135 LINK “El Médano 301 ~24°51’S, ~70°32’W Antofagasta, Chile Find: 2013 Nov 09 Classification: Ungrouped chondrite History: A single stone was found in the…
Temperature dependent grain growth of forsterite–nickel mixtures: Implications for grain growth in two-phase systems and applications to the H-chondrite parent body
J. Guignard, M.J. Toplis, M. Bystricky, M. Monnereau Earth and Planetary Science Letters Volume 443, 1 June 2016, Pages 20–31 LINK “Grain growth experiments in the system forsterite (Fo) + nickel (Ni) have been performed…
Microchondrules in two unequilibrated ordinary chondrites: Evidence for formation by splattering from chondrules during stochastic collisions in the solar nebula
E. Dobrică and A. J. Brearley Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12633 LINK “The diversity of silicate, glassy spherules analogous to chondrules, called microchondrules, and the implications for their presence in unequilibrated ordinary chondrites (UOCs)…
STUBENBERG – Fall (LL6) in Bavaria, Germany on 6 March 2016 at 9:36:51-56 p.m. UTC
An updated and extended version of this post has been established on this page: STUBENBERG Last update: 31 May 2017 The Stubenberg meteorite—An LL6 chondrite fragmental breccia recovered soon after precise prediction of the strewn…
Meteorites found on Misfits Flat dry lake, Nevada.
Harlan, S., Jenniskens, P., Zolensky, M. E., Yin, Q.-Z., Verosub, K. L., Rowland, D. J., Sanborn, M., Huyskens, M., Creager, E. R., Jull, A. J. T. and (The Misfits Flat Meteorite Consortium) Meteoritics & Planetary…
The stable Cr isotopic compositions of chondrites and silicate planetary reservoirs
Ronny Schoenberg, Alexandra Merdian, Chris Holmden, Ilka C. Kleinhanns, Kathrin Haßler, Martin Wille, Elmar Reitter Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 16 March 2016 doi:10.1016/j.gca.2016.03.013 LINK “The depletion of chromium in…
Mercury (Hg) in meteorites: variations in abundance, thermal release profile, mass-dependent and mass-independent isotopic fractionation
Matthias M. M. Meier, Christophe Cloquet, Bernard Marty Accepted for publication in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta PDF (open access) abstract “We have measured the concentration, isotopic composition and thermal release profiles of Mercury (Hg) in…
Correlations and zoning patterns of phosphorus and chromium in olivine from H chondrites and the LL chondrite Semarkona
McCanta, M. C., Beckett, J. R. and Stolper, E. M. Meteoritics & Planetary Science. doi: 10.1111/maps.12604 LINK “Phosphorus zoning is observed in olivines in high-FeO (type IIA) chondrules in H chondrites over the entire range…
Investigations of Al-Dalang and Al-Hawashat meteorites
A. M. Gismelseed , S. B. Abdallah, A. D. Al-Rawas, F. N. Al-Mabsali, H. M. Widatallah, M. E. Elzain, A. A. Yousif, T. Ericsson, H. Annersten Hyperfine Interactions December 2016, 237:14 First online: 18 February…
Characterization of Mason Gully (H5): The second recovered fall from the Desert Fireball Network
Dyl, K. A., Benedix, G. K., Bland, P. A., Friedrich, J. M., Spurný, P., Towner, M. C., O’Keefe, M. C., Howard, K., Greenwood, R., Macke, R. J., Britt, D. T., Halfpenny, A., Thostenson, J. O.,…
Paleomagnetic Evidence for a Partially Differentiated H Chondrite Parent Planetesimal
J. F. J. Bryson, B. P. Weiss, A. Scholl, A. T. Young, F. Nimmo 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1546 PDF
Hydrogen Isotopic Evolution of Water and Organic Compounds on Chondritic Asteroids
L. Piani, L. Remusat, F. Robert, H. Yurimoto 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), Abstract #1707 PDF































